集大成得智慧——钱学森的系统科学成就与贡献

介绍了钱学森科学历程的三大创造高峰:创建物理力学和工程控制论;开创我国火箭、导弹和航天事业,以及系统工程管理方法与技术;建立系统科学及其体系,创建系统学,并开创复杂巨系统科学与技术领域.以钱学森建立的科学技术体系结构为基础,分析了钱学森的系统科学体系、系统学与综合集成方法,以及复杂巨系统科学技术体系.     

The first results from the Herschel-HIFI mission

This paper contains a summary of the results from the first years of observations with the HIFI instrument onboard ESA’s Herschel space observatory. The paper starts by outlining the goals and possibilities of far-infrared and submillimeter astronomy, the limitations of the Earth’s atmosphere, and the scientific scope of the Herschel-HIFI mission. The presentation of science results from the mission follows the life cycle of gas in galaxies as grouped into five themes: Structure of the interstellar medium, First steps in interstellar chemistry, Formation of stars and planets, Solar system results and Evolved stellar envelopes. The HIFI observations paint a picture where the interstellar medium in galaxies has a mixed, rather than a layered structure; the same conclusion may hold for protoplanetary disks. In addition, the HIFI data show that exchange of matter between comets and asteroids with planets and moons plays a large role. The paper concludes with an outlook to future instrumentation in the far-infrared and submillimeter wavelength ranges.     

China's Deep-space Exploration to 2030

Focusing on the key scientific questions of deep space exploration which include the origin and evolution of the solar system and its planets, disastrous impact on the Earth by the solar activities and small bodies, extraterrestrial life, this paper put forward a propose about the roadmap and scientific objectives of China's Deep-space Exploration before 2030.     

超磁致伸缩电静液作动器的试验研究与特性分析

超磁致伸缩材料驱动的电静液作动器具有结构高度集成、性能影响因素多以及理论分析复杂等特点,为寻求超磁致伸缩电静液作动器可靠的理论分析方法以提高其输出性能,首先搭建了超磁致伸缩执行器与作动器试验测试平台,完成了执行器与作动器动态特性对比试验,在准确测试与观察试验现象的基础上,对超磁致伸缩电静液作动器进行结构分解,以各环节固有频率为理论分析切入点,采用试验、理论与有限元分析相结合的方法,分析了悬臂梁阀片、管路、液压缸以及蓄能器等动态特性对作动器输出性能的影响规律,总结出符合试验结果的理论分析方法并确定了影响与制约作动器输出性能的关键环节,最后提出了超磁致伸缩电静液作动器优化改进方案,优化后作动器试验结果显示：在200 Hz左右、0.6 MPa 的偏压作用下,选取 0.15 mm 厚度的阀片,作动器的输出性能达到最佳,其输出流量最大可达1.2 L/min。     

Radio Wave Emission from the Outer Planets Before Cassini

We review observations and theories of radio wave emissions from the outer planets. These include radio emissions from the auroral regions and from the radiation belts, low-frequency electromagnetic emissions, and atmospheric lightning. For each of these emissions, we present in more details our knowledge of the Saturn counterpart, as well as expectations for Cassini. We summarize the capabilities of the radio instrument onboard Cassini, observations performed during the Jupiter flyby, and first (remote) observations of Saturn. Open questions are listed along with the specific observations that may bring responses to them. The coordinated observations (from the ground and from space) that would be valuable to perform in parallel to Cassini measurements are briefly discussed. Finally, we outline future missions and perspectives.     

Irregular Satellites in the Context of Planet Formation

All four giant planets in the solar system possess irregular satellites, characterized by large, highly eccentric and/or highly inclined orbits. These bodies were likely captured from heliocentric orbit, probably in association with planet formation itself. Enabled by the use of large-format digital imagers on ground-based telescopes, new observational work has dramatically increased the known populations of irregular satellites, with 74 discoveries in the last few years. A new perspective on the irregular satellite systems is beginning to emerge.We find that the number of irregular satellites measured to a given diameter is approximately constant from planet to planet. This is surprising, given the radically different formation scenarios envisioned for the gas giants Jupiter and Saturn compared to the (much less massive and compositionally distinct) ice giants Uranus and Neptune. We discuss the new results on the irregular satellites and show how these objects might be used to discriminate amongst models of giant planet formation.     

Giant Planet Ionospheres and Thermospheres: The Importance of Ion-Neutral Coupling

Planetary upper atmospheres-coexisting thermospheres and ionospheres-form an important boundary between the planet itself and interplanetary space. The solar wind and radiation from the Sun may react with the upper atmosphere directly, as in the case of Venus. If the planet has a magnetic field, however, such interactions are mediated by the magnetosphere, as in the case of the Earth. All of the Solar System’s giant planets have magnetic fields of various strengths, and interactions with their space environments are thus mediated by their respective magnetospheres. This article concentrates on the consequences of magnetosphere-atmosphere interactions for the physical conditions of the thermosphere and ionosphere. In particular, we wish to highlight important new considerations concerning the energy balance in the upper atmosphere of Jupiter and Saturn, and the role that coupling between the ionosphere and thermosphere may play in establishing and regulating energy flows and temperatures there. This article also compares the auroral activity of Earth, Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus. The Earth’s behaviour is controlled, externally, by the solar wind. But Jupiter’s is determined by the co-rotation or otherwise of the equatorial plasmasheet, which is internal to the planet’s magnetosphere. Despite being rapid rotators, like Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus appear to have auroral emissions that are mainly under solar (wind) control. For Jupiter and Saturn, it is shown that Joule heating and “frictional” effects, due to ion-neutral coupling can produce large amounts of energy that may account for their high exospheric temperatures.     

Si/Co/Cu/Co多层膜中巨磁电阻效应及与微结构的关系

用超高真空电子束蒸发方法在Si（100）衬底上制备了Si／Co／Cu／Co多层膜。发现当Si层厚度达到0．9nm时，多层膜中开始出现较强的平面内各向异性巨磁电阻效应。在Si1．5nm／Co 5nm／Cu3nm／Co5nm多层膜中，作者在其易轴上得到了5．5％的巨磁电阻值和0．7％／Oe的磁场灵敏度。用X射线衍射和透射电镜研究了si／Co界面之间的相互扩散，发现在Si层与Co层间形成了Co—Si化合物层，这个硅化物界面层诱导了其上的Co／Cu／Co三明治膜中的平面内磁各向异性乃至整个多层膜的平面内各向异性巨磁电阻效应。原子力显微镜表面形貌分析表明，随Si层厚度增大，Co／Cu／Co三明治膜的界面平整度得到改善，从而使巨磁电阻值增大。     

GMA椭圆油膜轴承性能实验

为研究超磁致伸缩驱动器（GMA）椭圆油膜轴承性能,搭建了三自由度可控椭圆轴承实验装置,利用GMA动态控制了椭圆轴承所支撑转子的轴心轨迹,观察了椭圆轴承油膜形成和破裂过程,考察了轴径转速、进油压力、偏心率等参数对椭圆轴承油膜气穴位置的影响。实验结果表明:椭圆轴承动态气穴内存在润滑油丝,逆着旋转油流方向移动;随着转速升高或者偏心率增加,椭圆轴承圆周方向油膜破裂边提前;随着转速增加或者进油压力减少,椭圆轴承气穴位置逆着轴向油流方向移动。利用GMA合理控制椭圆轴承短轴油膜间隙,可以更好的抑制转子系统的工频振动。研究结果可为椭圆油膜轴承的稳定性提供参考。      

液压放大式超磁致伸缩直驱式伺服阀的设计与实验

研制了一种基于液压式微位移放大机构的超磁致伸缩直驱式电液伺服阀,在保证较大体积流量的前提下,提高了直驱式电液伺服阀的频响.采用弹性力学理论、有限元和计算流体力学(CFD)方法对直驱式电液伺服阀进行了结构设计和分析,并制作了超磁致伸缩直驱阀样机,在AMESim下建立其磁-机-液耦合模型.仿真和试验表明:所设计的超磁致伸缩直驱阀的频响超过100Hz和系统油压21MPa下的负载体积流量达到30L/min.