工序模型驱动的航空发动机零件机加夹具变型设计方法

航空发动机新机研制过程中设计更改频繁,导致机加夹具修改工作量大。为提高机加夹具设计对航空发动机零件设计变更的响应速度,基于产品主模型思想,提出了一种工序模型驱动的航空发动机零件机加夹具变型设计方法。通过分析航空发动机零件机加夹具的设计特点,明确航空发动机零件机加夹具结构与机加工序模型装夹特征之间的关联关系,在此基础上构建航空发动机零件机加夹具变型设计主模型;通过设计同构零件装夹特征映射算法,将工序模型与夹具变型设计主模型中的装夹特征自动关联,实现工序模型与夹具变型设计主模型之间的设计参数联动;针对夹具结构中各类元件的资源特性,给出了不同类型夹具元件的变型策略,以提高夹具变型设计中各类元件资源的重用水平。最后,以铣削机匣外型面的夹具为例,验证了本文所提方法的可行性。     

三维广布裂纹疲劳扩展分析

 飞机结构表面由于腐蚀、疲劳等原因存在三维广布裂纹,相邻裂纹在疲劳载荷作用下相互影响、相互促进,从而加速了结构破坏。为了探讨并求解三维广布裂纹结构的疲劳寿命,选取表面有两个半椭圆形表面裂纹的有限厚矩形板为计算模型,采用参数化有限元方法,求解裂纹前沿的应力强度因子、裂纹扩展方向和裂纹扩展增量,建立并应用应力强度因子变化历程,采用循环接循环损伤累积方法,对结构在疲劳载荷作用下的寿命进行了预测。预测结果为复杂环境中三维广布裂纹飞机结构的寿命评估提供了参考。     

超大型复合材料机体部件应用技术的新进展——飞机制造技术的新跨越

从超大型复合材料部件在军/民用飞机上的应用进展入手,重点介绍了复合材料在波音787机体主要结构上的应用,给出了机身复合材料部件应用的特殊性及空客公司对其所持的争议。分析了波音和空客公司在复合材料应用方面的竞争,分别以波音787和空客A380为例介绍了两公司相应的技术策略：机体整体复合材料部件制造技术和大型复合材料壁板组装成机体技术,以及迫于竞争的压力,空客公司新的应对措施,即采用全复合材料机身壁板结构,将复合材料在A350-XWB上的用量提高到52％。最后总结了复合材料部件设计制造的独特性和复杂性,并得到对中国研制大型飞机的启示。     

侧向风速对飞机尾流运动的影响

为了使机场雷达能实时探测和定位飞机尾流,对飞机飞行环境进行合理假设后提出了一个仿真尾流的保守被动模型,该模型能很好地描述尾流中水蒸气等物质的运动演化规律。综合考虑大气环境中风速对尾流的影响,利用该仿真模型对尾流进行了实时仿真,得到了不同侧向风速情况下,不同时刻尾流的状态分布等重要特性。通过分析侧向风速对飞机尾流运动过程的影响,证明了当侧向风速为1.0~3.0 m/s时是最危险的,所得结论可为飞机飞行过程中避免尾流的影响提供理论依据。     

递阶偏最小二乘回归在飞机研制费用预测中的应用

分析了飞机研制费用样本数据少、费用驱动因子众多的特点,考虑到递阶偏最小二乘回归(Hi-PLS)方法在变量规模巨大情形下进行回归建模的优势,应用递阶偏最小二乘回归方法对飞机研制费用进行预测。以战斗机机体研制费用预测为例进行研究,首先对战斗机机体研制费用驱动因子进行分组,然后应用递阶偏最小二乘回归方法对分组后的费用驱动因子进行回归建立机体研制费用预测模型。实例表明,在飞机研制费用预测方面,采用递阶偏最小二乘回归方法预测更能体现研制费用与飞机性能参数之间的关系。     

飞机总体设计用数据库的开发与应用

为提高设计的质量与效率,研究了数据库在飞机总体方案设计中的应用.建立了翼型、剖面及简化模型数据库,包括发动机、座椅、飞行员、雷达、座舱显控设备、武器、起落架及其他机电、航电设备数据库,并且提出了模型的参数化方法.在一个开放式飞机总体设计环境中集成了建立的数据库,实现了在几何模型构建、总体布置时的数据库调用.最后通过一个设计实例说明了方法的有效性.     

The Geology of Mercury: The View Prior to the MESSENGER Mission

Mariner 10 and Earth-based observations have revealed Mercury, the innermost of the terrestrial planetary bodies, to be an exciting laboratory for the study of Solar System geological processes. Mercury is characterized by a lunar-like surface, a global magnetic field, and an interior dominated by an iron core having a radius at least three-quarters of the radius of the planet. The 45% of the surface imaged by Mariner 10 reveals some distinctive differences from the Moon, however, with major contractional fault scarps and huge expanses of moderate-albedo Cayley-like smooth plains of uncertain origin. Our current image coverage of Mercury is comparable to that of telescopic photographs of the Earth’s Moon prior to the launch of Sputnik in 1957. We have no photographic images of one-half of the surface, the resolution of the images we do have is generally poor (∼1 km), and as with many lunar telescopic photographs, much of the available surface of Mercury is distorted by foreshortening due to viewing geometry, or poorly suited for geological analysis and impact-crater counting for age determinations because of high-Sun illumination conditions. Currently available topographic information is also very limited. Nonetheless, Mercury is a geological laboratory that represents (1) a planet where the presence of a huge iron core may be due to impact stripping of the crust and upper mantle, or alternatively, where formation of a huge core may have resulted in a residual mantle and crust of potentially unusual composition and structure; (2) a planet with an internal chemical and mechanical structure that provides new insights into planetary thermal history and the relative roles of conduction and convection in planetary heat loss; (3) a one-tectonic-plate planet where constraints on major interior processes can be deduced from the geology of the global tectonic system; (4) a planet where volcanic resurfacing may not have played a significant role in planetary history and internally generated volcanic resurfacing may have ceased at ∼3.8 Ga; (5) a planet where impact craters can be used to disentangle the fundamental roles of gravity and mean impactor velocity in determining impact crater morphology and morphometry; (6) an environment where global impact crater counts can test fundamental concepts of the distribution of impactor populations in space and time; (7) an extreme environment in which highly radar-reflective polar deposits, much more extensive than those on the Moon, can be better understood; (8) an extreme environment in which the basic processes of space weathering can be further deduced; and (9) a potential end-member in terrestrial planetary body geological evolution in which the relationships of internal and surface evolution can be clearly assessed from both a tectonic and volcanic point of view. In the half-century since the launch of Sputnik, more than 30 spacecraft have been sent to the Moon, yet only now is a second spacecraft en route to Mercury. The MESSENGER mission will address key questions about the geologic evolution of Mercury; the depth and breadth of the MESSENGER data will permit the confident reconstruction of the geological history and thermal evolution of Mercury using new imaging, topography, chemistry, mineralogy, gravity, magnetic, and environmental data.     

军机维修体制发展方向及关键技术研究

在介绍维修体制的基础上,综述了国内外军机维修体制的演变过程,分析了三级维修的弊端与两级维修的优势,最终指明了军机维修体制的发展方向,并重点讨论了其关键技术.     

飞机噪声技术研究——工程解决方法

 飞机噪声存在的3个问题：①机舱的噪声振动控制;②机场的噪声干扰;③某些部位的抗声疲劳设计。针对以上问题,综述了北京强度环境研究所进行过的飞行器噪声课题的研究工作,提出了大型飞机噪声问题的工程解决方法,包括：噪声载荷谱的确定;喷气噪声和客机机舱的噪声振动控制;声疲劳设计。研究了超声速喷流的相似准则,用热流缩比模型试验测定火箭的发射噪声载荷达到同样精度;对于飞机来说,实测比风洞测量更方便、更经济,实测气动噪声主要的困难是如何测量到真实的气动噪声,传声器的安装方法、飞行器表面的静压变化等;喷流噪声控制方法是冷空气缩比模型试验,介绍了冷空气缩比模型试验的原理和方法;论述了在结构的疲劳强度试验中必须采用统计分析方法的原理。从多方面论述了大型飞机噪声课题的研究,对于飞机的安全性、经济性、舒适性都是很重要的课题,对于发展中国大型飞机工程有很重要的现实意义。     

结冰对飞机飞行包线影响分析及控制

为解决飞机在结冰后因飞行包线范围缩小而危及飞行安全的问题,针对飞机纵向三自由度非线性模型分析了翼面结冰对飞行包线的影响。在二级折线软限制式迎角限制器中引入结冰信息,综合考虑各个结冰传感器信号,通过比较采用对迎角、襟翼偏度限制最大的结冰信号来设定限制器阀值,在线/实时地改变可用飞行包线范围,使结冰飞机在缩小的飞行包线范围内能够安全飞行。仿真计算表明,该方法实用有效,可供飞机结冰问题研究人员参考。