Characterizing space debris longitude-dependent distribution based on RAAN perturbation rate

The space debris environment is one of the major threats against payloads. Space debris orbital distribution is of great importance for space debris environment modeling. Due to perturbation factors, the Right Ascension of Ascending Node (RAAN) of space objects changes consistently, causing regular rotation of the orbit plane around Earth’s axis. Based on the investigation of the RAAN perturbation rate of concerned objects, this paper proposes a RAAN discretization method in order to present the space debris longitude-dependent distribution. Combined with two line element (TLE) data provided by the US Space Surveillance Network, the estimated value from RAAN discretization method is compared with the real case. The results suggest that using only the initial orbital data at the beginning of the time interval of interest, the RAAN discretization method is able to provide reliable longitude distribution of concerned targets in the next following period. Furthermore, spacecraft cumulative flux against space debris is calculated in this paper. The results suggest that the relevance between spacecraft RAAN setup and flux output is much smaller for LEO targets than MEO targets, which corresponds with the theory analysis. Since the nonspherical perturbation is the major factor for RAAN variation, the RAAN perturbation rate has little connection with the size of orbital objects. In other words, the RAAN discretization method introduced in this paper also applies to space debris of different size range, proposing a possible suggestion for the improvement of space debris environment engineering models.     

Load distribution strategy for multi-lift system with helicopters based on power consumption and robust adaptive game control

It is of great significance to reasonably distribute the slung load to each helicopter while considering difference in power consumption, relative position and interaction comprehensively. Therefore, the load distribution strategy based on power consumption and robust adaptive game control is proposed in this paper. The study is on a “2-lead” multi-lift system of four tandem helicopters carrying a load cooperatively. First, based on the hierarchical control, the load distribution problem is divided into two parts: the calculation of expected cable force and the calculation of the anti-disturbance cable force. Then, aimed at minimizing the maximum equivalent power of helicopter, an optimization problem is set up to calculate the expected cable force. Specially, the agent power model is trained by BP neural network, the safe distance constraint between helicopters is set to 2.5 rotor diameters to reduce aerodynamic interference, and the helicopters with different performance can be considered by introducing the equivalent power factor into the objective function. Next, considering the difference and interaction between helicopters, the robust adaptive differential game control is proposed to calculate the anti-disturbance cable force. Particularly, to solve the coupled Hamiltonian equations, an adaptive solving method for value function is proposed, and its stability is proved in the sense of Lyapunov. The simulation results indicate that the proposed load distribution method based on power consumption is applicable to the entire flight trajectory even there are differences between helicopters. The game control can consider interaction between helicopters, can deal with different objective functions, and has strong robustness and small steady-state error. Based on the entire strategy, the cable force can be reasonably allocated so as to resist disturbance and improve the flight performance of the whole system.     

以可用度为目标的民用飞机不完全预防性维修间隔优化

民用飞机制造商推荐的初始预防性维修间隔通常不考虑运营环境和维修能力的差异,在满足飞机安全性要求的同时,难以达到可用性的最优状态。基于不完全维修理论,采用役龄回退因子修正部件的可靠性模型,以反映维修工作对于部件性能的影响;结合航空公司运行实际情况,以部件可用度为目标函数,可靠度阈值为约束条件,提出不完全维修策略下的预防性维修间隔优化模型,并以某型飞机的空气起动机航线故障数据进行实例验证。结果表明：在满足可靠度阈值的约束条件下,所建立的维修间隔优化模型得出的最优维修间隔与实际相符,该模型合理可行。     

重型燃气轮机高雷诺数CDA叶型转捩特性数值计算

为研究重型燃气轮机的压气机叶片在高雷诺数工况下的气动性能,基于Gamma-Theta转捩模型的雷诺时均方程对某可 控扩散叶型进行了数值计算。通过对比不控制马赫数与控制马赫数,分析高雷诺数对可控扩散叶型气动性能及转捩特性的影响。 结果表明：在不控制马赫数条件下,在零攻角时,雷诺数从7×10 5 增大为9×10 5 ,总压损失增加了约391.95%;在高雷诺数工况下随 着雷诺数的增大,叶片流动损失不断增大,叶片可用攻角范围减小,同时在叶片吸力面出现激波,干扰转捩的产生。在控制马赫数 条件下,当Ma=0.6时,在零攻角工况下,雷诺数从8.2×10 5 增大为1×10 7 ,总压损失减小了约38.98%,吸力面转捩起始点从4.78%弦 长处前移至1.11%弦长处;在高雷诺数工况下,叶片流动损失随着雷诺数的增大不断减小,吸力面转捩位置前移。     

驻涡燃烧室前钝体燃料喷射性能数值分析

为研究驻涡燃烧室在前钝体燃料喷射状况下的燃烧性能,采用3维数值仿真模拟方法,对驻涡燃烧室前钝体燃料喷射 状况下的燃烧效率及燃烧室性能与无前钝体燃料喷射状况下的燃烧性能进行了对比分析,并对驻涡燃烧室的冷流以及燃烧状态 下的燃烧室性能进行了系统研究。燃烧室温度分布表明：前钝体顶部燃料喷射在0.2~0.7的喷射系数范围内,缩短了燃烧室火焰 长度,提高了燃烧室在相同轴向长度下的燃烧效率,使燃烧室更加紧凑;驻涡燃烧室前钝体顶部燃料喷射孔的孔径在一定范围内 的变化对燃烧室的燃烧效率、出口温度分布系数以及总压损失影响较小。     

水下超声速过膨胀燃气射流的流场特性

为研究水下超声速过膨胀燃气射流的流场特性,在压力水筒中开展了大扩张比锥形喷管的固体火箭发动机水下点火实验,并基于雷诺时均Navier-Stokes（RANS）方法和流体体积（VOF）模型进行数值求解,分析了过膨胀燃气射流与水介质的相互作用过程。研究表明：超声速过膨胀燃气建立射流通道后,射流核心区长度随喷管落压比的减少而减少;射流核心区剧烈振荡,表现为高频的膨胀和收缩,振荡频率随喷管落压比的减小而增加,范围为100~200 Hz;射流边界不断振荡,并伴随波系结构变化,当过膨胀程度较大时,激波进入喷管使其发生流动分离现象,流动分离点周期性往复移动;分离区内压力脉动没有显著的特征频率,主要集中在100~600 Hz的宽频带,锥形喷管水下流动分离的简易判据为喷管出口压力不低于环境背压的0.44倍。     

三轴承矢量喷管红外辐射特性

针对涡扇发动机用三轴承矢量喷管（3BSN）,通过数值模拟的方法研究了在巡航和垂直起降（VTOL）状态即非矢量和90°矢量状态下三轴承矢量喷管的红外辐射空间分布特征,并分析了其影响机理。结果表明,在非矢量状态下由于特殊的几何型面使得喷管下壁面出现了局部高温区,喷流形状也变成椭圆锥形,造成垂直探测面上正探测角壁面红外辐射较负探测角最大增加44.6%,水平探测面上的燃气红外辐射大于垂直探测面;90°矢量状态下,由于偏转的喷管结构对前端高温部件的遮挡,总辐射峰值仅为非矢量状态的43.3%;喷管90°矢量偏转使得远离曲率中心一侧的气流速度降低温度升高,喷管外侧出现了大范围的局部高温区,导致垂直探测面负探测角范围的壁面辐射大于正探测角范围,最大相对差值达到71.9%。喷管偏转也遮挡了部分喷管内部的高温燃气,垂直探测面负探测角的仅能覆盖喷管出口处的高温燃气区域,明显小于正探测角,造成燃气辐射出现了20%的最大相对差值。     

超燃冲压发动机燃烧室出口温度场分布CARS测量

针对超燃冲压发动机研究中对燃烧室出口温度场的测量需求以及暂冲式超燃冲压发动机燃烧台架试验中的应用难点,开发了适用于瞬态燃烧场温度测量的单脉冲相干反斯托克斯拉曼反射（CARS）系统及CARS光谱计算和温度反演软件CARSCF。采用USED相位匹配方式来降低湍流影响,结合多尺度小波分析方法来实现CARS光谱降噪处理,提高信噪比。在暂冲式脉冲燃烧风洞上开展了来流马赫数2.6条件下超燃冲压发动机燃烧室出口温度测量试验,获取了超声速来流（冷态）建立、H₂点火加热空气、建立超声速燃烧流场直至试验结束过程中的燃烧室出口温度,以及煤油/空气燃烧时燃烧室出口温度场分布。结果显示,超声速冷流时温度处于低温（约205K）状态,随着H₂点火加热来流空气,来流温度上升至853K;随着煤油/Air点火,温度急剧上升,稳定燃烧状态下燃烧流场温度为1970K±144K。燃烧室出口截面温度场分布测量结果显示,高温区位于燃烧室出口截面上侧区域,而燃烧室出口截面上中间区域的温度低于上下两侧。燃烧室出口温度分布CARS测量结果与火焰自发光成像结果一致,表明单脉冲CARS技术用于瞬态燃烧流场温度测量的可行性。     

二氧化碳（CO2）气硬树脂砂用促硬剂的研究

本文介绍了一种对碱性甲阶酚醛树脂有促硬作用的盐,在树脂中加入强碱和该促硬剂后,形成了稳定液态粘结剂,吹ＣＯ２气体硬化后可得到较高的即时抗压强度和２４小时抗压终强度。     

部分球壳分布离子流激发的电磁不稳定性

在离子环束流和低频电磁波相互作用的过程中廓了环束流将演化成具有投掷角展宽的部分球壳速度分布离子流,其投掷角展宽随时间增大,低频右旋电磁不稳定性增长率峰值,总的说来也逐渐增大,并向高频短波方向移动,与此相反,低频左旋电磁不稳定性增长率峰值,当投掷 角展宽等于０时,大于右旋不稳定性峰值,但随着投掷角展宽增加而迅速低于右 性增长率峰值,并向工波方向移动。