Effects of UV-B radiation on photosynthesis activity of Wolffia arrhiza as probed by chlorophyll fluorescence transients

The higher plant Wolffia arrhiza is regarded to be well suited concerning the provision of photosynthetic products in the cycle of matter of a Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) to be established in the context of extraterrestrial, human-based colonization and long-term space flight. Since UV radiation is one major extraterrestrial environmental stress for growth of any plant, effects of UV-B radiation on W. arrhiza were assessed in the present study. We found that UV-B radiation significantly inhibited photosynthetic CO₂ assimilation activity, and the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b (Chl a, Chl b) and carotenoids considerably decreased when plants were exposed to UV-B radiation for 12 h. High UV-B radiation also declined the quantum yield of primary photochemistry (φ_po), the quantum yield for electron transport (φ_Eo) and the efficiency per trapped excitation (Ψ_o) in W. arrhiza simultaneously, while the amount of active PSII reaction centers per excited cross section (RC/CS) and the total number of active reaction centers per absorption (RC/ABS) had comparative changes. These results indicate that the effects of UV-B radiation on photosynthesis of W. arrhiza is due to an inhibition of the electron transport and via inactivation of reaction centers, but the inhibition may take place at more than one site in the photosynthetic apparatus.     

基于PLIF技术的气氧/气甲烷同轴剪切喷嘴试验

以数值仿真的结果作为参考,开展了基于PLIF(平面激光诱导荧光)技术、高速摄影技术等非接触光学燃烧诊断技术的气氧/气甲烷同轴剪切喷嘴试验研究。通过联合光学诊断对不同设计工况的燃烧流场进行诊断测量,获得燃烧室内OH分布,燃烧流场发展演化过程、火焰的结构等信息,对燃烧流场进行详细的分析。研究结果表明:气氧/气甲烷剪切燃烧火焰存在明显的剪切燃烧层,且随着轴向距离的增加,火焰逐渐失稳;随燃氧速度比的增加,流场涡旋作用明显加强,火焰根部稳定段变短,瞬时火焰结构卷曲和褶皱增多;仿真计算的OH分布与试验测得的OH分布相似,仿真模型能够合理预测气氧/气甲烷同轴剪切喷嘴的燃烧流场。      

Effects of mineral nutrition conditions on heat tolerance of chufa (Сyperus esculentus L.) plant communities to super optimal air temperatures in the BTLSS

The use of mineralized human wastes as a basis for nutrient solutions will increase the degree of material closure of bio-technical human life support systems. As stress tolerance of plants is determined, among other factors, by the conditions under which they have been grown before exposure to a stressor, the purpose of the study is to investigate the level of tolerance of chufa (Cyperus esculentus L.) plant communities grown in solutions based on mineralized human wastes to a damaging air temperature, 45 °C. Experiments were performed with 30-day-old chufa plant communities grown hydroponically, on expanded clay aggregate, under artificial light, at 690 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PAR and at a temperature of 25 °C. Plants were grown in Knop’s solution and solutions based on human wastes mineralized according to Yu.A. Kudenko’s method, which contained nitrogen either as ammonium and urea or as nitrates. The heat shock treatment lasted 20 h at 690 and 1150 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PAR. Chufa heat tolerance was evaluated based on parameters of CO₂ gas exchange, the state of its photosynthetic apparatus (PSA), and intensity of peroxidation of leaf lipids. Chufa plants grown in the solutions based on mineralized human wastes that contained ammonium and urea had lower heat tolerance than plants grown in standard mineral solutions. Heat tolerance of the plants grown in the solutions based on mineralized human wastes that mainly contained nitrate nitrogen was insignificantly different from the heat tolerance of the plants grown in standard mineral solutions. A PAR intensity increase from 690 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ to 1150 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ enhanced heat tolerance of chufa plant communities, irrespective of the conditions of mineral nutrition under which they had been grown.     

光纤pH值传感器

综述了光纤ｐＨ值传感器,详细阐述和分析比较了光吸收式、荧光特性式及折射率波动式三大类ｐＨ值传感器的工作原理及其各自的优点。还介绍了光纤ｐＨ值传感器作为一种新型传感技术,在生物工程、医学、环境监测及工业过程控制中的应用前景。     

预混旋流多喷嘴火焰激光可视化实验研究

为了研究预混旋流多喷嘴火焰结构及当量比对多喷嘴火焰结构的影响,针对当量比0.51～0.8的甲烷/空气预混旋流多喷嘴火焰开展了平面激光诱导荧光测量研究。通过实验,获得了不同当量比下预混旋流多喷嘴火焰时均火焰形态和瞬态火焰结构分布特点。实验结果表明,相邻火焰相互冲刷,在相互作用区内强化了燃烧化学反应。相邻火焰之间的相互作用随着当量比的减小逐渐减弱,当量比小于0.53时,中心火焰熄灭,相邻火焰相互作用消失。多喷嘴外侧火焰推举高度小于中心火焰,稳定范围比中心火焰宽。当量比大于0.6时火焰推举高度随当量比的变化不明显,当量比小于0.6后火焰推举高度随着当量比的减小显著增加。随着当量比的降低,湍流脉动对火焰的褶皱扭曲作用逐渐增强,湍流火焰传播速度与层流火焰传播速度之比逐渐增大。     

受限空间预混钝体稳定与抬升火焰激光诊断

在受限空间预混钝体燃烧器中,利用OH-PLIF （平面激光诱导荧光）、PIV （粒子图像测速）和瑞利散射测温技术实验研究了火焰结构、流场和温度场之间的相互影响关系。对比分析了贫燃稳定与富燃抬升状态下甲烷/空气预混火焰的燃烧场特性。实验结果表明：火焰结构、流场和温度场分布之间均存在直接联系。贫燃（当量比为0.8）火焰钝体上方为膨胀的高温低速回流区,利于火焰维持稳定;富燃（当量比为1.2）火焰倾向在受限空间出口与外界空气卷吸后着火,其钝体上方为类似冷态的低速低温回流区,无法点燃混合气,因而形成抬升火焰。分析各场局部分布信息获得火焰场间相互依赖规律：钝体火焰中,高温和低速对应已燃区,低温和高速对应未燃区。     

贫燃预混旋流火焰PIV和OH-PLIF瞬态同步测量

为了研究贫燃预混旋流火焰流场与火焰结构特性,设计了强受限预混旋流燃烧器,搭建了PIV(粒子图像测速)和OH-PLIF(平面激光诱导荧光)瞬态同步测量系统。针对典型贫燃工况开展了瞬态同步测量研究,获得了多个截面的瞬态和时均流场速度和OH分布信息。研究表明:低当量比不稳定燃烧工况下,伴随着角涡回火现象,燃烧室底部角落存在明显火焰反应区;由于旋流拉扯效应导致OH分布结构边缘产生褶皱,并出现多个OH“孤岛”;旋流火焰外沿位于喷嘴射流的内侧剪切层;增加当量比,火焰流场结构与反应区分布与低当量比类似,但燃烧更稳定,火焰高度有所增加;内部回流区的经典双涡结构分裂为多个旋涡,存在旋涡进动、破碎的现象。     

压强场非接触测量新建议

掺有碘分子的流动流体,在激光的作用下会产生感应的荧光发射,激光感应的碘分子荧光包含有压强的信息,采用成像法,得到的是压强场在一个平面上的分布,因而这一测量是多点测量。作者测量了压强对激光感应的碘分子荧光的影响,去除喇曼散射引起的散射峰,提出了直接利用激光感应的荧光测量流动流体的压强场的非接触测量新方法,还探讨了这一方法的理论和实验方案。     

长波通滤波器的研究

用激光照射掺有碘分子的流场，感应的碘分子荧光包含着流动参数如速度、压强、温度和密度的信息，可用其来对这些参数进行测量。但荧光信号通常很弱，在没有合适滤波器的情况下，测量的信噪比是差的。为了去掉作为噪音的散射的激光和背景光，设计和制造了长波通滤波器，它们具有高质量性能，相应的测量有好的信噪比。     

水相合成CdSe量子点用于荧光标记的光谱研究

生物素-亲和素系统（BAS）已成为目前广泛用于微量抗原、抗体定性、定量检测及定位观察研究的新技术。采用水相合成的CdSe纳米粒子标记生物分子亲合素,用荧光分光光度法研究了亲合素与量子点的结合作用,结果表明标记了亲合素的量子点发光强度高于单一的CdSe量子点,光谱峰位置稍微有所红移。通过改变体系的pH值,亲合素的浓度及荧光显微成像等手段,发现光谱的变化确实是由量子点和亲合素的结合作用所引起的,证明CdSe可以很好的用于生物标记。