The Origin of Mercury’s Internal Magnetic Field

Mariner 10 measurements proved the existence of a large-scale internal magnetic field on Mercury. The observed field amplitude, however, is too weak to be compatible with typical convective planetary dynamos. The Lorentz force based on an extrapolation of Mariner 10 data to the dynamo region is 10⁻⁴ times smaller than the Coriolis force. This is at odds with the idea that planetary dynamos are thought to work in the so-called magnetostrophic regime, where Coriolis force and Lorentz force should be of comparable magnitude. Recent convective dynamo simulations reviewed here seem to resolve this caveat. We show that the available convective power indeed suffices to drive a magnetostrophic dynamo even when the heat flow though Mercury’s core–mantle boundary is subadiabatic, as suggested by thermal evolution models. Two possible causes are analyzed that could explain why the observations do not reflect a stronger internal field. First, toroidal magnetic fields can be strong but are confined to the conductive core, and second, the observations do not resolve potentially strong small-scale contributions. We review different dynamo simulations that promote either or both effects by (1) strongly driving convection, (2) assuming a particularly small inner core, or (3) assuming a very large inner core. These models still fall somewhat short of explaining the low amplitude of Mariner 10 observations, but the incorporation of an additional effect helps to reach this goal: The subadiabatic heat flow through Mercury’s core–mantle boundary may cause the outer part of the core to be stably stratified, which would largely exclude convective motions in this region. The magnetic field, which is small scale, strong, and very time dependent in the lower convective part of the core, must diffuse through the stagnant layer. Here, the electromagnetic skin effect filters out the more rapidly varying high-order contributions and mainly leaves behind the weaker and slower varying dipole and quadrupole components (Christensen in Nature 444:1056–1058, 2006). Messenger and BepiColombo data will allow us to discriminate between the various models in terms of the magnetic fields spatial structure, its degree of axisymmetry, and its secular variation.     

联合应用现代优化方法与S2流面计算进行多级涡轮的气动设计

本文联合应用S2流面正问题计算和多级局部优化设计对某三级涡轮进行多级气动优化设计。优化联合采用人工神经网络和遗传算法,流场计算采用全三维粘性流N-S方程求解,计算网格采用H-O-H型网格,即入口段、出口段采用H型网格,叶片区域采用O型网格。通过优化,总效率提高1.1%,总体性能提高,达到设计要求。     

二次流喷射对喷管流场性能的影响

采用有限体积法求解二维守恒型雷诺平均N-S方程,数值模拟了单膨胀斜面喷管内外流场,研究了二次流喷射对单膨胀斜面喷管非设计状态性能的影响,给出了性能随喷射流量、喷射总压和喷射角度的变化规律。计算结果表明,在喷管下斜板尾缘进行二次流喷射可以提高喷管非设计状态性能,喷射流量和喷射角度是影响喷管性能提高的主要因素,并存在最优的喷射流量和喷射角度,喷射总压对喷管性能影响较小。     

粉末燃料冲压发动机理论性能分析

研究粉末燃料冲压发动机的理论性能,采用编制的热力计算软件,分别对以硼粉、铝粉、镁粉为燃料的发动机性能进行了计算,分析了不同参数对发动机比冲的影响趋势,为进一步研究及发动机设计奠定了基础。通过与常规液体燃料冲压发动机及固体火箭冲压发动机进行比较,说明了粉末燃料冲压发动机在比冲及体积比冲方面的优势。鉴于金属粉末燃烧产物中凝相物质含量高的特点,研究了两相流损失对发动机性能的影响。     

湍流燃烧模型对氢燃料超燃室流场模拟的影响

采用化学平衡的假定概率密度函数(PDF)模型和火焰面模型计算了德国宇航研究中心的超燃室反应流,计算结果与有限速率反应模型的和实验的结果进行了对比.使用有限体积法离散Favre平均的N-S方程,湍流模型采用k-ε模型.研究表明:(1)有限速率反应模型在喷氢孔近场,化学平衡的假定PDF模型在喷氢孔远场不能准确捕捉流场的细致结构,而火焰面模型对全流场预测较好,后两种模型的计算时间较有限速率反应模型节省约38%;(2)超燃室内湍流和燃烧相互作用不可忽略,从预测精度和计算效率来看,火焰面模型有较好的工程应用前景.      

振动能量流的测量不确定度评定

介绍了管壁振动能量流的测试方法和不确定度来源,并进行了详细的分析和评定.     

多段翼型绕流的数值模拟研究

采用C—H型混合的结构化网格,选用Wilcox提出的k-ω模型求解可压的N-S方程,模拟了多段翼型的流场。结果表明：在4°和6°迎角下的非定常计算结果与试验结果的对比,计算结果与试验值吻合的较好。本文应用了亚迭代时间法,正确地描述了30P30N多段翼型前缘结构区域的流动特征和流动机理。     

某型先进发动机燃油喷嘴雾化特性的试验研究及火焰筒头部数值模拟

使用相位多普勒粒子分析仪和激光多普勒粒子测速仪系统(PDPA/LDV)等设备测量了某型航空发动机喷嘴的雾化特性,主要包括:喷嘴流量特性,雾化粒度(SMD)和喷雾锥角。应用Fluent软件,对装用该喷嘴的燃烧室火焰筒进行了数值模拟。试验和计算结果得出了一些有价值的结论,对该发动机的燃油喷嘴和火焰筒头部温度场、速度场有深入了解,对其改进提供了重要依据。     

旋转整流罩积冰过程中水膜流动和脱离的数值研究

为了更准确地模拟旋转整流罩积冰过程,在现有三维积冰与冰层表面薄水膜流动耦合模型基础上,基于功平衡分析的方法引入了旋转部件表面水膜脱离模型,并发展了相应的计算方法,给出了水膜脱离的判定依据:当气流曳力做的功和由于离心力使水膜增加的潜能之和大于黏附功时整流罩表面的水膜会发生脱离。对旋转整流罩积冰进行数值模拟,计算结果与实验结果吻合得较好,验证了该模型的合理性和计算方法的可行性。之后分析了转速和来流速度对整流罩表面水膜脱离和积冰的影响,结果表明:转速和来流速度越大,水膜发生脱离的比例越大。在研究范围内,转速为3000r/min和6000r/min时,因水膜脱离导致积冰总量分别减少13.4%和15.8%;来流速度为40、50m/s和60m/s时,因水膜脱离导致积冰总量分别减少为12.2%、13.4%、14.2%。      

电动汽车牵引用水冷异步电机耦合场分析

基于Ansys多物理场仿真分析平台,对1台车用异步电机进行多物理场耦合分析。仿真电机连续运行在额定工况和峰值工况下的温升和热应力,对电机各部分温度场分布进行深入分析,预测电机峰值工况的最长允许时间。通过热-结构的有限元仿真分析电机内部结构的热应力分布,深入分析转子导条端部与端环焊接位置和机壳与铁心过盈配合面的热应力,校核转子导条端部是否存在开焊的风险,并通过热仿真和应力分析计算机壳与铁心在最高温升工况下不发生滑移或涨开的过盈配合量取值。