CFD和MDO技术在乘波飞行器设计中的应用综述

乘波飞行器由于其具有高升阻比特性而成为国内外高超声速飞行器研究的热点。介绍了乘波飞行器的研究进展,在此基础上阐述了乘波飞行器设计对先进设计技术的需求。重点讨论了计算流体力学（CFD）技术和多学科设计优化（MDO）理论与方法在乘波飞行器设计中的应用现状。提出了今后应重点对高超声速飞行条件下乘波飞行器的动态气动特性进行全面的数值模拟研究．大力开展包含可靠性和经济性分析的乘波飞行器多目标多学科设计优化研究。随着MDO方法在乘波飞行器设计中的深入应用,CFD必将发挥更大的作用,共同促进乘波飞行器的快速发展。     

Design of Flight Control System for a Small Unmanned Tilt Rotor Aircraft

A tilt rotor is an aircraft of a special kind, which possesses the characteristics of a helicopter and a fixed-wing airplane. However, there are a great number of important technical problems waiting for settlements. Of them, the flight control system might be a critical one. This article presents the progresses of the research work on the design of flight control system at Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA). The flight control law of the tilt rotor aircraft is designed with the help of an inner/outer loop control structure and an eigenstructure assignment algorithm on the basis of a proper mathematical model already verified by the wind tunnel tests. The proposed control law has been born out through the construction of the flight control system and the flight tests. Now, the flight tests are still underway on a prototype of small unmanned tilt rotor aircraft. The results have evidenced the credibility of the aircraft design and the effectiveness of the flight control system for the tilt rotor working in the helicopter mode. A full envelope flight test is planned to carry out further researches on the flight control law.     

Ares I–X Flight Test Vehicle similitude to the Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle

The Ares I–X Flight Test Vehicle is the first in a series of flight test vehicles that will take the Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle design from development to operational capability. Ares I–X is scheduled for a 2009 flight date, early enough in the Ares I design and development process so that data obtained from the flight can impact the design of Ares I before its Critical Design Review. Decisions on Ares I–X scope, flight test objectives, and FTV fidelity were made prior to the Ares I systems requirements being baselined. This was necessary in order to achieve a development flight test to impact the Ares I design. Differences between the Ares I–X and the Ares I configurations are artifacts of formulating this experimental project at an early stage and the natural maturation of the Ares I design process. This paper describes the similarities and differences between the Ares I–X Flight Test Vehicle and the Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle. Areas of comparison include the outer mold line geometry, aerosciences, trajectory, structural modes, flight control architecture, separation sequence, and relevant element differences. Most of the outer mold line differences present between Ares I and Ares I–X are minor and will not have a significant effect on overall vehicle performance. The most significant impacts are related to the geometric differences in Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle at the forward end of the stack. These physical differences will cause differences in the flow physics in these areas. Even with these differences, the Ares I–X flight test is poised to meet all five primary objectives and six secondary objectives. Knowledge of what the Ares I–X flight test will provide in similitude to Ares I—as well as what the test will not provide—is important in the continued execution of the Ares I–X mission leading to its flight and the continued design and development of Ares I.     

大空域变轨巡航飞行器变结构控制律研究

针对超声速大空域变轨巡航飞行器在变轨过程中出现的系统矩阵摄动问题,给出了具有较强鲁棒性的变结构控制律。通过合理选取滑模面,使得设计的变结构控制律对由于飞行空域变化造成的系统矩阵的摄动具有不变性,从而保证了控制律的鲁棒性。通过对系统相平面的分析及李亚普诺夫理论证明了闭环系统的稳定性。利用饱和函数来近似符号函数,对变结构控制律的抖振现象进行消除。最后给出了数学仿真校验,结果表明所设计的变结构控制律具有较强的鲁棒性。
     

碟形飞行器横航向飞行品质

碟形飞行器是一种新颖的,采用翼身融合布局的飞行器。应用经典飞行动力学理论的线性化小扰动方法对碟形飞行器在低速条件下的横航向稳定特性进行了仿真计算,采用时域分析的方法对横航向模态进行了分析,得到了碟形飞行器的横航向飞行品质状况.同时将碟形飞行器同常规布局飞机和飞翼飞机的特性做了简要的对比,分析了碟形飞行器同二者的异同之处和产生的原因.研究结果表明,碟型飞行器具有良好的横航向飞行品质和综合性能.     

利用二次优化实现柔性冗余度机器人关节力矩最小化研究

对基于振动抑制的柔性冗余度机器人关节力矩的最小化进行了研究。通过分析影响柔性机器人弹性动力响应的因素,得出了在结构参数不变的情况下可以通过适当调整关节运动参数来提高机器人动态性能的结论。在此基础上,通过对柔性冗余度机器人的关节运动进行研究,提出了通过自运动的适当选取从而抑制机器人柔性振动的方法。通过对满足抑振要求的自运动的选取进行分析,指出柔性冗余度机器人在实现振动抑制的基础上还具有二次优化的能力,并且利用这种二次优化的能力得出了基于振动抑制的最小化关节力矩的方法。数值仿真验证了该方法的有效性。     

非相似余度飞控计算机

从容错的角度介绍了Boeing777和A320的数字飞行控制计算机系统。Boeing777和A320的飞控计算机都采用了非相似的余度技术,能容忍软件和硬件的共态故障,但在每个计算机的功能分配和整个飞控计算机系统的余度结构编排等方面体现了各自的特点。用广义随机Petri网描述了Boeing777余度结构和容错动态过程,并进行了系统的可靠性计算和容错度分析。针对中国"大型飞机"容错飞控系统的设计作了分析和建议。     

某型双轴加力涡扇发动机实时性能仿真模型

对飞行模拟机用的多变量控制的双轴加力涡扇发动机实时性能仿真模型进行了研究。根据某型发动机的控制规律、各部件间的共同工作关系及大量的实验数据 ,结合飞行模拟机的发动机模型的特点 ,研究了数据拟合 ,表格插值 ,公式推导 ,正交设计等数学方法在发动机模型中的应用 ,采用 C++语言 ,在计算机上实现了一台双轴混排加力涡扇发动机的实时仿真 ,模拟了发动机的工作状况。稳态模型误差小于 2 % ,动态模型误差小于 5 % ,完成一次计算任务时间小于 4ms      

基于有限元模型的飞行器柔性附件分散化滑模控制

研究分散化滑模控制在大型柔性附件振动控制领域中的应用。在设计控制系统时,滑模控制滑模面通过最小化最优价值函数得到,控制器采用饱和控制器。受控系统受到任意不可测量和不确定性外部扰动以及初始位移。分别利用分散化控制和集中控制方法对结构进行控制,仿真结果表明,当具有初始位移或受到不确定性外扰时,分散化控制非常有效。最后研究表明分散化控制方法所求解的Riccati方程数量远远少于集中控制方法,特别是大系统。     

跳跃式跨大气层飞行弹道仿真分析

针对跳跃式跨大气层飞行弹道的特殊性,建立了其飞行动力学模型,在此基础上,对其弹道进行了仿真分析,得知乘波构型是跳跃式跨大气层飞行器理想气动布局,研究对比了跳跃弹道和惯性弹道的不同性能,结果表明跳跃飞行具有惯性飞行所无法比拟的突防能力。所得结论对跳跃式跨大气层飞行和未来新型武器装备的发展方向的研究具有一定的参考价值。