螺旋桨安装效应对无人机气动特性影响

为解决某型飞翼布局无人机(UAV)带动力构型风洞试验最大升阻比相对无动力状态大幅下降的问题,采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法对无人机无动力与带动力构型进行了数值模拟,数值模拟结果分别与无动力以及带动力风洞试验数据吻合良好,在此基础上深入研究了螺旋桨安装效应对无人机气动特性的影响。结果表明:推力螺旋桨与机身之间气动干扰产生的低压区致使阻力增加,从而导致飞机最大升阻比相比无动力状态下降了30.7%。针对无人机在推力螺旋桨影响下出现的最大升阻比下降问题,采用增大螺旋桨与机身之间距离的方法可以有效地消除机身后部出现的低压区,减小了阻力,提升了无人机最大升阻比。桨毂拉长方案在8°和9°迎角下最大升阻比分别提升了17.3%和15.4%。     

Design and experimental testing of a control system for a morphing wing model actuated with miniature BLDC motors

The paper deals with the design and experimental validation of the actuation mechanism control system for a morphing wing model. The experimental morphable wing model manufactured in this project is a full-size scale wing tip for a real aircraft equipped with an aileron. The morphing actuation of the model is based on a mechanism with four similar in house designed and manufactured actuators, positioned inside the wing on two parallel lines. Each of the four actuators used a BrushLess Direct Current (BLDC) electric motor integrated with a mechanical part performing the conversion of the angular displacements into linear displacements. The following have been chosen as successive steps in the design of the actuator control system: (A) Mathematical and software modelling of the actuator; (B) Design of the control system architecture and tuning using Internal Model Control (IMC) methodology; (C) Numerical simulation of the controlled actuator and its testing on bench and wind tunnel. The morphing wing experimental model is tested both at the laboratory level, with no airflow, to evaluate the components integration and the whole system functioning, but also in the wind tunnel, in the presence of airflow, to evaluate its behavior and the aerodynamic gain.     

Three-axis coupled flight control law design for flying wing aircraft using eigenstructure assignment method

Due to elimination of horizontal and vertical tails, flying wing aircraft has poor longitudinal and directional dynamic characteristics. In addition, flying wing aircraft uses drag rudders for yaw control, which tends to generate strong three-axis control coupling. To overcome these problems, a flight control law design method that couples the longitudinal axis with the lateral-directional axes is proposed. First, the three-axis coupled control augmentation structure is specified. In the structure, a “soft/hard” cross-connection method is developed for three-axis dynamic decoupling and longitudinal control response decoupling from the drag rudders; maneuvering turn angular rate estimation and subtraction are used in the yaw axis to improve the directional damping. Besides, feedforward control is adopted to improve the maneuverability and control decoupling performance. Then, detailed design methods for feedback and feedforward control parameters are established using eigenstructure assignment and model following technique. Finally, the proposed design method is evaluated and compared with conventional method by numeric simulations. The influences of control derivatives variation of drag rudders on the method are also analyzed. It is demonstrated that the method can effectively improve the dynamic characteristics of flying wing aircraft, especially the directional damping characteristics, and decouple the longitudinal responses from the drag rudders.     

大迎角振动三角翼跨声速粘性绕流数值分析

本文通过数值求解三维可压缩雷诺平均ＮＳ方程，研究发析了振动三角翼的三维复杂非定常流场，其中对流场项计算格式的空间离散在平行物物理面方向与物面法线方向的空间导数分别采用二阶ＮＮＤ格式和由ＮＮＤ格式高阶插值而得到的三阶迎风格式，时间推进为隐式ＬＵ分解方法，并使用了修正的代数ＢＬ湍流模型模拟高雷诺数的湍流流动。     

螺旋桨滑流对短舱/机翼构型尾迹流场的影响

螺旋桨滑流对飞机机翼表面流动和尾迹流场有重要的影响,进而改变机翼和飞机的性能。本文通过风洞试验方法开展了螺旋桨滑流对尾迹流场的影响研究。试验模型为后掠角4°、带增升装置的螺旋桨/短舱/机翼模型,试验构型包括襟翼收回和襟翼打开,试验策略是在两种构型下分别同时模拟真实飞行状态的拉力系数和前进比。通过比较有/无螺旋桨时空间尾迹流场的速度场和流动偏角等,分析滑流在尾迹流场中的发展规律和影响范围,研究尾迹流场中滑流的加速效应、下洗和侧洗效应等。结果表明,在滑流作用下,机翼远后方流场参数在机翼展向和垂直方向上均呈现复杂的变化;同时,襟翼收回和襟翼打开构型的滑流效应有明显的区别,影响规律也有所不同。     

基于PLC的飞机翼类结构件柔性夹具设计

针对航空领域中翼类结构件的高速铣削加工,提出一种干涉小、柔性高、换装快速、自动化程度较高的夹具设计方案。详细论述了该夹具系统的组成、原理以及PLC控制程序。采用可调式定位板定位、回转夹紧气缸夹紧,利用传感器感知、PLC控制以实现电磁阀有序动作、工件可靠夹紧,解决传统装夹中原材料浪费和加工过程中机床刀具与夹具的干涉问题。编制了相应控制程序并调试成功。该夹具设计方案为飞机结构件实际生产和程序控制自动化夹具设计提供了有效的参考依据。     

三维仿生悬停扑翼的时间非对称扑动气动特性

基于对现有黄蜂飞行观察实验的分析,建立了不同下扑和上挥时间非对称扑动悬停扑翼运动轨迹模型,并采用数值求解三维层流Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程的方法,研究了采用不同下扑和上挥时间比的仿生悬停扑翼气动特性.结果表明采用适当的时间非对称扑动可以增强悬停扑翼的气动性能.进一步通过对不同时间非对称扑动扑翼流场分析得出,采用时间非对称扑动不但可以增强使扑翼产生高升力的旋转环流机制,而且还可以增强扑翼表面涡流和展向流的强度,从而使扑翼具有更好的气动性能.      

Proportional fuzzy feed-forward architecture control validation by wind tunnel tests of a morphing wing

In aircraft wing design, engineers aim to provide the best possible aerodynamic performance under cruise flight conditions in terms of lift-to-drag ratio. Conventional control sur-faces such as flaps, ailerons, variable wing sweep and spoilers are used to trim the aircraft for other flight conditions. The appearance of the morphing wing concept launched a new challenge in the area of overall wing and aircraft performance improvement during different flight segments by locally altering the flow over the aircraft's wings. This paper describes the development and appli-cation of a control system for an actuation mechanism integrated in a new morphing wing structure. The controlled actuation system includes four similar miniature electromechanical actuators dis-posed in two parallel actuation lines. The experimental model of the morphing wing is based on a full-scale portion of an aircraft wing, which is equipped with an aileron. The upper surface of the wing is a flexible one, being closed to the wing tip; the flexible skin is made of light composite materials. The four actuators are controlled in unison to change the flexible upper surface to improve the flow quality on the upper surface by delaying or advancing the transition point from laminar to turbulent regime. The actuators transform the torque into vertical forces. Their bases are fixed on the wing ribs and their top link arms are attached to supporting plates fixed onto the flex-ible skin with screws. The actuators push or pull the flexible skin using the necessary torque until the desired vertical displacement of each actuator is achieved. The four vertical displacements of the actuators, correlated with the new shape of the wing, are provided by a database obtained through a preliminary aerodynamic optimization for specific flight conditions. The control system is designed to control the positions of the actuators in real time in order to obtain and to maintain the desired shape of the wing for a specified flight condition. The feasibility and effectiveness of the developed control system by use of a proportional fuzzy feed-forward methodology are demon-strated experimentally through bench and wind tunnel tests of the morphing wing model.     

三角翼涡破裂形态研究

通过对三角翼上漩涡破裂形态及涡破裂过程的流态变化的分析 ,可以得到以下结论。在三角翼上 ,除了通常知道的螺旋破裂核泡状破裂之外 ,还有双螺旋、涡丝以及蛙跳另外 3种破裂形态。涡破裂是一个非定常过程 ,在机翼形状、迎角及来流条件不变的情况下 ,通常可以看到涡破裂形态的变化 ,即从螺旋破裂逐渐转化成泡状破裂又返回到螺旋破裂的过程。泡状破裂可以认为是螺旋破裂的一种特殊阶段。它与螺旋破裂并没有本质上的区别。从形态上看 ,泡状破裂中会出现涡核分叉 ,涡核中分离出一些带有涡量的流体微团 ,但总有一根涡丝 (一部分涡核 ) ,自始至终存在 ,它或者表现成螺旋形态 ,或者由于自身的诱导形成了较复杂的缠绕形态。     

二维机翼影区爬行波RCS的研究

分析了机翼前后缘处于影区时的散射机理,建立了机翼爬行波雷达散射截面（ＲＣＳ）的计算模型。该模型反映出外形参数对ＲＣＳ的影响,便于工程计算。针对典型试件进行了理论计算和一维成像实验,结果吻合良好