Toward a global space exploration program: A stepping stone approach

In response to the growing importance of space exploration in future planning, the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Panel on Exploration (PEX) was chartered to provide independent scientific advice to support the development of exploration programs and to safeguard the potential scientific assets of solar system objects. In this report, PEX elaborates a stepwise approach to achieve a new level of space cooperation that can help develop world-wide capabilities in space science and exploration and support a transition that will lead to a global space exploration program. The proposed stepping stones are intended to transcend cross-cultural barriers, leading to the development of technical interfaces and shared legal frameworks and fostering coordination and cooperation on a broad front. Input for this report was drawn from expertise provided by COSPAR Associates within the international community and via the contacts they maintain in various scientific entities. The report provides a summary and synthesis of science roadmaps and recommendations for planetary exploration produced by many national and international working groups, aiming to encourage and exploit synergies among similar programs. While science and technology represent the core and, often, the drivers for space exploration, several other disciplines and their stakeholders (Earth science, space law, and others) should be more robustly interlinked and involved than they have been to date. The report argues that a shared vision is crucial to this linkage, and to providing a direction that enables new countries and stakeholders to join and engage in the overall space exploration effort. Building a basic space technology capacity within a wider range of countries, ensuring new actors in space act responsibly, and increasing public awareness and engagement are concrete steps that can provide a broader interest in space exploration, worldwide, and build a solid basis for program sustainability. By engaging developing countries and emerging space nations in an international space exploration program, it will be possible to create a critical bottom-up support structure to support program continuity in the development and execution of future global space exploration frameworks. With a focus on stepping stones, COSPAR can support a global space exploration program that stimulates scientists in current and emerging spacefaring nations, and that will invite those in developing countries to participate—pursuing research aimed at answering outstanding questions about the origins and evolution of our solar system and life on Earth (and possibly elsewhere). COSPAR, in cooperation with national and international science foundations and space-related organizations, will advocate this stepping stone approach to enhance future cooperative space exploration efforts.     

农地使用权流转对我国耕地保护的影响及对策

耕地保护事关国家粮食安全、生态平衡和社会稳定,为此政府一直实行世界最严格的制度来保护耕地。但发展中国家的快速城市化进程必然导致部分耕地被城市建设用地替代。出于农村经济发展的内在要求及提高土地资源配置效率的需要,在市场经济的条件下,促进农地使用权的流转成为我国耕地保护制度改革过程中的重要环节。     

一种热平衡等温机制的新型热防护及相关技术

给出了一种适用于高超声速飞行器热防护的新概念——疏导式热防护,其基本理论是利用热平衡等温机制,使防热层趋于一等温体,实现热负载平衡。针对这一概念,进行了较为系统的研究,包括原理、分析方法、实现疏导式热防护的关键技术。研究结果表明,疏导式热防护技术可有效地减少高热流区的温度和热应力,是一种有效的非烧蚀热防护技术。     

航天功能复合材料发展现状及趋势

文章综述了航天功能复合材料的发展现状及趋势,内容包括各种类型的功能复合材料及主要应用领域。对当前用于航天领域的热防护功能复合材料分别作了重点介绍,包括航天器热防护系统及材料、抗烧蚀热防护复合材料、梯度功能复合材料以及它们的组成、作用机理和主要应用。最后探讨得出功能复合材料的发展趋势是高性能化、多功能化和低成本化。     

先进舰载战斗机腐蚀防护控制与日历寿命设计

舰载战斗机是航母编队战斗力的重要组成部分,但由于其复杂恶劣的服役环境,舰载机腐蚀防护控制与日历寿命设计问题已经成为限制海军航空兵战斗力保持与提升的关键难题。腐蚀防护与控制应贯穿舰载机全寿命周期,本文以此为总体思路,首先系统梳理了舰载机在综合设计、材料与涂料选择、制造与使用过程中腐蚀防护与控制的诸多要点与细节。然后针对舰载机日历寿命设计问题,在详述环境谱、加速谱编制原则、编制方法及基本构成的基础上,基于案例阐明腐蚀仿真技术是舰载机日历寿命设计的可靠高效手段,可为相关问题的后续研究提供创新思路。最后指出腐蚀监测是舰载机腐蚀防护控制过程中亟待解决的难题。     

某超声速飞行器保护罩用弹射器的高温防护特性

某型弹射器应用于超声速飞行器保护罩的连接固定与弹射分离。由于保护罩位于飞行器头部,受到气动阻力的影响,升温迅速。为了保证弹射器能够在飞行过程中正常安全工作,使装药部位的温度满足火药安全使用要求,需要对其采取热防护措施。文章围绕弹射器的耐高温性能设计开展了相关理论分析、数值仿真及试验验证工作。通过减小热传导途径,优化产品结构设计,采取隔热、相变吸热等措施降低弹射器内部的环境温度。经过热传导试验验证,在模拟飞行器极端的高温环境条件下,弹射器结构能够有效降低热传导效率,保证主装药部位的温度满足火药安全使用要求。该方法为航天火工装置的高温防护设计与验证提供了有效的技术途径。     

Limit protection design in turbofan engine acceleration control based on scheduling command governor

A new limit protection method based on Scheduling Command Governor (SCG) is proposed for imposing multiple constraints on a turbofan engine during acceleration process. A Gain Scheduling Controller (GSC) is designed for the transient state control and its stability proof is developed using Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs). The SCG is an add-on control scheme which manages engine limits effectively based on reference trajectory optimization. Unlike the traditional min–max architecture with switching logic, the SCG method utilizes the Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) closed-loop model to form a prediction of future constraint violation and per instant solves a constraint-admissible reference within an approximate Maximal Output Admissible Set (MOAS). The influence of the variation of engine dynamic characteristics and equilibrium points during transient state control is handled by the design of contractive sets. Simulation results on a turbofan engine component-level model show the applicability and effectiveness of the SCG method. Compared to the traditional min–max method, the SCG method has less conservativeness. In addition, the design of contractive sets makes conservativeness tunable.     

高超声速飞行器主动冷却系统优化设计

以碳氢燃料为冷却剂的主动冷却系统是进行高超声速飞行器热防护最有效的方法之一。在满足工作要求的情况下,应尽量减小主动冷却系统的质量,实现飞行器的轻质化目标。利用MATLAB@2007软件对高超声速飞行器燃烧室的主动冷却系统进行了优化设计,计算了冷却通道在满足各项热负荷条件下,系统的最小质量以及此时所对应的冷却通道各项尺寸。选择了Inconel X-750、Inconel 625和Hastelloy X 这3种不同的镍基合金分别当做冷却通道固壁材料,并且在主动冷却系统的近燃烧侧引入热障涂层,以分析不同材料和有无热障涂层对系统轻质化的影响,为高超声速飞行器主动冷却系统的材料选择和优化设计提供了理论依据。     

民用航空发动机短舱雷电防护设计及验证

为了有效降低短舱雷电防护设计和验证的难度,针对短舱的雷电防护设计和验证,提出一种导电路径仿真与关键连接结构仿真、试验迭代的研究方法。对整个短舱进行雷电流传导路径设计及简化建模,分别讨论不同传导路径方案对雷电直接效应和间接效应的影响。结果表明:优化的多路径传导可有效减小传导结构的雷电流分量和短舱内的脉冲电磁场;依据整体短舱电流分布仿真结果,可导出具体连接结构的电流分量作为其设计和验证的依据。所提出的方法可作为短舱雷电防护设计和验证的理论依据。     

碳化材料三维烧蚀热响应有限元计算研究

针对碳化烧蚀热防护材料三维温度场计算问题进行了研究。采用弹簧松弛法模拟防热层表面后退运动,应用化学反应动力学模型描述材料内部热解过程,内部温度场计算模型考虑了防热材料的热传导、热解吸热、热解气体在碳化层内的流动以及热解气体与碳化层之间的热交换。对控制方程采用有限元方法进行离散,时间方向采用Newton-GMRES隐式迭代推进求解。将计算结果与经典程序的计算结果及实验数据进行了比对,初步验证了计算方法的可靠性,并通过球头算例展示了程序对三维问题的良好处理能力。