Fundamentals of Design and Technology of Rolling Element Bearings

This article presents an overview of fundamentals of rolling element bearing designs and technologies. The aim is to outline the complex interrelation of all fundamentals with the rolling contact fatigue and the attainable bearing life. Such fundamentals include, amongst others, bearing stressing and life capability. The article shows the different types of rolling bearing stressing and the analysis of the stress distribution (principal stresses and equivalent stresses) in the material under the rolling contact area. It becomes obvious that the contamination of the bearing with foreign particles leads to a drastic reduction in bearing life. Furthermore, it demonstrates the impact of the bearing lubrication and coating as well as the effect of additives on the attainable life and wear. Further fundamentals of rolling element bearing design are the materials, the material cleanliness and the heat treatment. The article reveals the importance of the cleanliness of bearing steels as well as different types of inclusions and their effect on rolling contact fatigue. Additionally the article describes how to optimize the material properties (strength, toughness and residual stress) by the heat treatment processes. The outcome of these investigations is that endurance life of a rolling element bearing can be achieved if specific operating conditions, an adequate lubrication, good system cleanliness and specific bearing stressing are met. The article provides a guideline for bearing engineers on how designs and technologies can be applied to optimizing a bearing for a particular industry or aerospace application.     

K418合金的组织对低周疲劳性能的影响

研究了Ｋ４１８合金不同宏观组织（晶粒度）对低周疲劳性能的影响，同时研究了不同热处理状态下合金组织中的γ’相及其对合金的低周疲劳性能的影响。     

含Nd稀土相对高温钛合金低周疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展行为的影响

实验研究了含稀土Ｎｄ高温钛合金中稀土相颗粒与室温及６００℃低周疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展行为的关系。结果表明，疲劳裂纹在距颗粒一定距离的基体中产生，而不在预先开裂或脱粘的颗粒处萌生。裂纹扩展时绕过颗粒并使裂纹扩展路径曲折化。     

试验参数对高强钢疲劳小裂纹门槛值测试的影响

针对 9310钢研究了试验参数对疲劳小裂纹门槛值测试结果的影响。结果表明 ,对于 9310高强钢采用恒Kmax 升Kmin方法进行小裂纹门槛值试验时 ,规范化的应力强度因子梯度CK 和Δα值的选取对门槛值的影响很小。当Kmax在线弹性范围内选取时 ,由于裂尖过程区的断裂机制未发生变化 ,Kmax的选取对门槛值测试结果也基本没有影响     

新型机电一体化微磁力矩器设计与实现

现代微小卫星的发展需要磁力矩器具备轻量化、低功耗、小型化、集成化等特点。提出了一种新的微型磁力矩器设计方式,采用机电一体化设计思想,使控制电路内嵌于支架的端面上,实现了磁力矩器结构和驱动电路的集成化和整体结构的小型化,明显优于传统的分离设计方式。采用单绕组线圈+脉冲宽度调制(PWM)换向驱动控制的形式,相比常规的双绕组线圈电流幅度控制形式,线圈的重量和体积都减少了一半,功耗更低,控制更加简便。驱动电路具有电流采样功能,可以实现闭环控制,相对于传统的开环控制策略控制精度更高。此外还对磁力矩器的线圈参数和磁芯参数进行了最优设计。所设计的磁力矩器在某微小卫星上已成功应用,表明了该设计方案的有效性和优越性。     

Analysis Approach to Durability Based on Material Initial Fatigue Quality and S-N Curve

Based on probabilistic fracture mechanics approach, a new concept of material initial fatigue quality (MIFQ) is developed. Then, the relation between S-N curve and crack propagation curve is studied. From the study, a new durability analysis method is presented. In this method, S-N curve is used to determine crack growth rate under constant amplitude loading and evaluate the effects of different factors on durability and then the structural durability is analyzed. The tests and analyses indicate that this method has lower dependence on testing, and higher accuracy, reliability and generality and is convenient for application.     

加热温度对TC4钛合金的空冷组织及热疲劳抗力的影响

对经不同温度加热随后空冷的ＴＣ４钛合金在－１９６～３５０℃范围内进行了外约束型热疲劳试验。结果表明：经单相区加热的合金，其热疲劳裂纹易于沿原β相晶界处萌生，以穿晶的方式扩展，对热疲劳裂纹萌生抗力较低。而经９５０℃加热的合金，其热疲劳裂纹易于沿初生α相与基体（条形的α＋β相）的界面处萌生，裂纹易于切过条形的α＋β相扩展，其热疲劳裂纹萌生抗力最高。经９００℃加热的合金，其热疲劳裂纹易于沿初生α相与基体的界面处萌生并沿其扩展，合金的热疲劳裂纹萌生抗力也较低     

含分层损伤复合材料层板压缩分层疲劳扩展研究

采用基于Mindlin一阶剪切理论的连续壳单元,建立了预测含分层损伤复合材料层板在压缩疲劳载荷作用下的分层扩展3D模型,分析了含穿透分层复合材料层板在压缩疲劳载荷作用下的分层扩展行为。利用累积损伤理论,对层板内出现的各种典型损伤进行相应的刚度折减,并在循环加载过程中对材料性能进行强度弱化。利用虚裂纹闭合技术(VCCT)计算分层前缘处的能量释放率,结合混合断裂判据判断分层是否扩展,进而得到压缩疲劳载荷作用下分层扩展规律。计算模型通过大型商用有限元软件和自编程序实现。通过对数值仿真结果和试验结果进行比较,验证了模型的合理性和准确性。     

Evaluation of Characteristics of Non-Metallic Inclusions in P/M Ni-Base Superalloy by Automatic Image Analysis

Non-metallic inclusions,especially the large ones,within P/M Ni-base superalloy have a major influence on fatigue characteristics,but are not directly measurable by routine inspection.In this paper,a method,automatic image analysis,is proposed for estimation of the content,size and amount of non-metallic inclusions in superalloy.The methodology for the practical application of this method is described and the factors affecting the precision of the estimation are discussed.In the experiment,the characteristics of the non-metallic inclusions in Ni-base P/M superalloy are analyzed.     

考虑不同载荷顺序下应力损伤模糊性的Miner法则

针对传统Miner法则无法考虑载荷加载顺序的缺陷，应用模糊理论分析了不同载荷顺序下疲劳极限附近的应力对构件造成疲劳损伤的模糊性，使修正后的模糊Miner理论能够较好地反映出载荷加载顺序对疲劳寿命的影响。算例分析结果表明，该方法可使疲劳寿命的预测误差由原来的61．6％减小到21．7％。