超声速空腔流动波系演化及噪声控制研究进展

空腔结构在先进飞行器和动力装置中应用十分广泛,如飞机内埋武器舱、起落架舱、导弹光学头罩、超燃冲压发动机燃烧室、推力矢量发动机喷口等。这些空腔结构在实际应用中普遍面临严峻的气动噪声问题。研究表明,空腔噪声的产生与腔内非定常流动和复杂波系结构关系密切。对超声速空腔流致噪声已开展的研究进行综述,从而为系统地认识波系结构的演化规律、噪声产生机理和噪声控制机理提供参考。首先,介绍了闭式、过渡式和开式3种不同类型超声速空腔流动的主要特点,针对气动噪声最为严重的开式空腔流动,分析了7种典型波系结构形成、传播和相互作用等规律。然后,从空腔压力振荡反馈回路的4个关键环节出发,分析了当前广泛应用的3种压力反馈模型的异同。最后,总结梳理了超声速空腔噪声控制的5条路径,指出在第5条控制路径"干扰反馈激波的传播"研究方面存在的不足。并指出了当前研究存在的部分问题,就未来研究方向提出了建议。     

双油路离心喷嘴雾化特性的半经验预测方法

为了掌握主、副油路相互干涉的机制,进而获得双油路离心喷嘴雾化特性的预测工具,开展了双油路离心喷嘴的理论和试验验证研究,研究中所涉及的供油压差范围为0.05~3MPa。理论推导了双油路离心喷嘴液膜破碎长度和索太尔平均直径(SMD)的半经验预测公式,并使用了3个不同结构的双油路离心喷嘴进行了试验验证。结果表明:双油路离心喷嘴破碎长度和SMD的预测精度达到±20%。这些半经验关系式可以作为双油路离心喷嘴设计阶段的预测工具和仿真边界条件。      

某涡轮叶片热障涂层的寿命预测方法

基于NASA发展的CoatLife软件中推荐的应力 寿命建模方法,研究了某涡轮叶片热障涂层寿命预测方法。通过在寿命模型中引入氧化增质量,并考虑氧化动力学,实现了寿命模型与高温氧化效应的关联。由于寿命模型中的疲劳强度系数是时间和半径的函数,从而可以应用于实际结构中的不同几何形状,并考虑了时间相关的退化效应。计算结果表明,随着最高温度或疲劳强度系数的增加,涂层的循环寿命和时间寿命均会减少。通过对某涡轮叶片在设计温度场下的涂层寿命预测结果表明,循环时间为1h条件下叶片前缘1/2叶高处涂层剥落寿命大约336 h,与实际叶片涂层失效在300~400h之间吻合。      

基于动态集成算法的航空发动机气路参数预测

针对单一学习机对航空发动机气路参数预测困难的问题,提出了基于动态加权核密度估计（DWKDE)组合方法的集成预测算法,该组合方法选择测试样本的近邻样本,通过评估学习机在近邻样本的局部性能动态确定各学习机的权值,并基于该权值利用加权核密度估计实现数据序列的集成预测。该组合方法不易受离群值和样本不对称分布的影响,将该组合方法用于AdaBoost.RT和AdaBoost.R2算法,获得了改进后的集成学习算法。实验证明:相比于神经网络和原始集成学习算法,改进后的集成学习算法较好地提高了航空发动机气路参数序列的预测精度,方均根误差（RMSE)指标至少可降低27%。      

基于小波和独立成分分析的去噪自适应算法

为了寻求一种能将不同类型和数量的噪声从图像中去除的方法,提出了一种能从图像源中将噪声与信号分离的改进的小波ICA滤波器。该方法首先使用小波降维,用Morlet小波来解决非正交问题;通过ICA规范化降维后的信号,从而发现独立噪声特征;再通过相关性将图像和噪声分离;最后,对图像进行还原,得到去噪后的图像。通过实验与主成分分析(PCA)方法、FastICA方法进行了对比,验证了该方法的有效性。结果显示,本研究提出的方法降噪效果较PCA方法和FastICA方法有大幅提高。同时,复杂度略有上升。     

川航支线航空市场预测决策

本文从川航支线航空战略出发,分析长江上游支线航空的市场需求,结合航空公司的供应能力,运用市场分析与预测的方法,辅以成本分析,得出了相应的决策方案.     

Lifetime prediction based on Gamma processes from accelerated degradation data

Accelerated degradation test is a useful approach to predict the product lifetime at the normal use stress level, especially for highly reliable products. Two kinds of the lifetime prediction based on Gamma processes were studied. One was to predict the lifetime of the population from accelerated degradation data, and the other was to predict the lifetime of an individual by taking the accelerated degradation data as prior information. For an extensive application, the Gamma process with a time transformation and random effects was considered. A novel contribution is that a deducing method for determining the relationships between the shape and scale parameters of Gamma processes and accelerated stresses was presented. When predicting the lifetime of an individual, Bayesian inference methods were adopted to improve the prediction accuracy, in which the conjugate prior distribution and the non-conjugate prior distribution of random parameters were studied. The conjugate prior distribution only considers the random effect of the scale parameter while the non-conjugate prior distribution considers the random effects of both the scale and shape parameter. The application and usefulness of the proposed method was demonstrated by the accelerated degradation data of carbon-film resistors.     

Transfer element method with application to acoustic design of aeroengine nacelle

In the present survey, various methods for the acoustic design of aeroengine nacelle are first briefly introduced along with the comments on their advantages and disadvantages for practical application, and then detailed analysis and discussion focus on a kind of new method which is called ‘‘transfer element method'(TEM) with emphasis on its application in the following three problems: turbomachinery noise generations, sound transmission in ducts and radiation from the inlet and outlet of ducts, as well as the interaction between them. In the theoretical frame of the TEM, the solution of acoustic field in an infinite duct with stator sound source or liner is extended to that in a finite domain with all knows and unknowns on the interface plane, and the relevant acoustic field is solved by setting up matching equation. In addition, based on combining the TEM with the boundary element method(BEM) by establishing the pressure and its derivative continuum conditions on the inlet and outlet surface, the sound radiation from the inlet and outlet of ducts can also be investigated. Finally, the effects of various interactions between the sound source and acoustic treatment have been discussed in this survey. The numerical examples indicate that it is quite important to consider the effect of such interactions on sound attenuation during the acoustic design of aeroengine nacelle.     

波浪前缘静子叶片对高速轴流风扇单音噪声的影响

航空发动机压气机噪声与大型风洞压缩机噪声问题日益凸显,相关研究机构迫切需求新的降噪手段以指导大型叶轮机械降噪设计。为了探索波浪前缘静子叶片在大型叶轮机械降噪中的应用前景,采用非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stoke（URANS）方程与FW-H方程混合方法对基准静子叶片和3种波浪前缘静子叶片的降噪效果进行了数值模拟,研究对象静子来流平均马赫数约为0.49,基于静子叶片弦长的雷诺数约为1 040 000。数值预测结果显示：波浪前缘静子叶片可以显著降低高速轴流风扇单音噪声,但会对风扇的气动性能产生少许不利影响;相较于基准静子叶片,3种波浪前缘静子叶片可以在1BPF时降低风扇入口声功率级0.97~1.5 dB,2BPF时降低风扇入口声功率级2.89~4.9 dB,3BPF时降低风扇入口声功率级3.32~4.72 dB;同时,总压比降低0.1%~0.8%,等熵效率降低0.1%~0.3%。进一步研究表明：不同频率下声源振幅和相位关系是风扇单音噪声强度的主要影响因素,总的来说,幅值的增加会降低声源强度,然而通过改变声源相位关系的降噪方式则需要兼顾径向模态与波长两个方面。     

改进的单级风扇单音噪声解析预测模型

针对单级轴流风扇单音噪声的声模态与声功率(PWL)预测,基于早期的二维叶栅噪声解析预测模型,开发了改进的三维单级风扇噪声解析预测模型。主要目的是可以通过该预测方法快速、准确地给出声场信息以优化风扇设计方案。该模型由模拟转子粘性尾迹,求解静子表面非定常载荷以及模拟管道噪声传播三个部分组成,并采用单级轴流风扇噪声试验数据对该解析预测模型的结果进行了验证。与试验数据相比较,该解析预测模型1BPF单音噪声预测结果误差1.5dB,2BPF单音噪声预测结果误差5dB,同时给出了合理的周向与径向模态声场模拟结果。与传统的叶轮机噪声解析预测模型相比,该方法不仅考虑了三维几何,还可以模拟出管道内的声场结构,计算方法更为合理,噪声预测结果也更为可靠,具有很好的工程应用价值。