Designing a power plant with highest efficiency:results from SFB 561

The goal of Collaborative Research Centre(SFB) 561 "thermally highly loaded,porous and cooled multi-layer systems for combined cycle power plants" is to expand the current technological and scientific knowledge on power plants in order to achieve total efficiencies of 65% in a combined cycle power plant in the year 2025.Therefore,the aero-thermomechanical,structural-mechanical,materials' scientific and production fundamentals for the development of steam and gas turbine components that are able to withstand highest thermal loads are being worked out within this SFB.This means for the gas turbine that combustion chamber outlet temperatures of 1520℃ at 1.7MPa are to be attained.In order to control these high temperatures,it is not only required to develop new materials' solutions,including thermal barrier coatings,but also to apply improved cooling techniques,as for example effusion cooling.This novel cooling concept is to be realised through open-porous structures.These structures can consist of drilled open-porous multi-layer systems or open-porous metallic foams.The development of graded multi-layer systems is also extremely important,as the grading will enable the use of coolant in dependence of the requirements.The live steam parameters in the high pressure turbine are expected to be increased up to approximately 700℃ with pressure of 30MPa.These elevated steam parameters can be encountered with Ni-base alloys,but this is a costly alternative,associated with many manufacturing difficulties.Therefore,the SFB proposes cooling the highly loaded turbines instead,as this would necessitate the application of far less Ni-base alloys.To protect the thermally highly loaded casing,a sandwich material consisting of two thin face sheets with a core of a woven wire mesh is used to cover the walls of the steam turbine casing.The current state of the research shows that by utilising innovative cooling technologies a total efficiency of 65% can be reached without exceeding the maximum allowable material temperature,thereby prolonging the life-span.      

Power plant selection in a carbon constrained world the TERA(technoeconomic environmental risk analysis)

There is an increasing concern that current trends of consumption of natural resources cannot continue.It is imperative that major targeted investments are made into economical and reliable environment friendly propulsion and power solutions.Many novel and promising concepts are being proposed.The selection of the best candidates to pursue for investment becomes a very difficult choice.A detailed TERA(techno-economic environmental risk analysis) framework is described here to quantify risks and to compare and rank competing schemes on a formal and consistent basis.This technique is based on detailed and rigorous thermodynamic representations of power plants.A layer of environment,economic,weather and other models to describe the appropriate local conditions is superimposed to this.The outcome is a techno-economic environmental risk analysis framework with appropriate detail of each power plant as applied to the appropriate conditions.The results for each concept can then be compared and contrasted to make appropriate selections.      

某型燃气轮机可调导叶转角液压伺服比例控制系统设计

某型燃气轮机可调叶片控制系统以伺服比例阀和伺服油缸作为控制机构。该系统在油田经历了近2000h的运行考验,可实现对可调导叶转角的闭环控制,性能优良,工作可靠,能够满足在油田环境下的工作要求;保证燃气轮机稳定工作。     

姿态控制系统安全阀排放研究

恒压挤压式姿态控制系统一般采用压力调节器对气瓶中的高压气体进行调节,并采用安全阀保证系统的安全。设计时一般保证压力调节器节流口在任何情况下均为临界截面,气体通过压力调节器节流口后压力降低,一般远高于大气压力。由于节流口后气流涡流和管路摩擦的作用,气流在到达安全阀排放口后,仍然为临界流动状态。因此,可以采用收缩喷嘴节流公式计算压力调节器节流口和安全阀排放口的压力和流量参数。根据该数学模型,计算了姿态控制系统安全阀前气体压力和流量,试验结果表明所采用的计算方法可行。     

液体火箭发动机涡轮火药燃气供应系统性能研究

采用变燃面装药固体火箭发动机的“瞬时压强平衡法”和流量平衡的关系式,较准确地对涡轮喷嘴前火药燃气性能进行了计算,得到了涡轮喷嘴前火药燃气性能的各种参数,这些参数有助于对涡轮起动性能和发动机加速性的研究。     

高亚声速轴流压气机的优化叶型

基于计算流体动力学和数值优化算法,研究了一种压气机叶型优化设计方法.以入口马赫数为0.7的高亚声速轴流压气机叶型为研究对象,采用拉丁超立方实验法选取优化变量并构建了考虑攻角特性的目标函数,通过引入Gamma-Theta转捩模型,考虑了附面层转捩的影响,最终获得了可以有效改善攻角特性和降低总压损失的高亚声速轴流压气机优化叶型.计算结果表明:优化叶型可以显著降低入口马赫数为0.2~0.8时+4°和-4°攻角的总压损失,使设计工况(入口马赫数为0.7)下的低损失攻角增加4°以上,优化叶型最佳稠度降低20%并改善低雷诺数时叶栅的流动特性.      

航空衍生工业燃气轮机双燃料贫燃预混低污染燃烧技术

论述了航空衍生燃气轮机双燃料低污染燃烧技术的研发过程,总结了所采用的促使该技术成功发展的重要技术要点,对双燃料燃烧室可以工作的燃料-空气比的范围、燃料-空气比对CO和NOx排放的影响及过渡工况设计给予了论述,并全面总结了双燃料低污染燃烧室设计上的考虑因素.通过对多种贫燃预混的双燃料-空气模的研究设计以及长期地、持续地进行研发及燃烧试验,结果表明:设计的双燃料燃烧室在50%~100%工况范围每一点都可满足低污染要求.所研发的低污染燃烧技术以及过渡工况的设计都切实可行,可以直接用于航空发动机型号产品.      

高压气体压力现场校准方法研究

针对高压气体压力仪表现场校准的具体要求,提出高压气体压力现场校准方法。介绍了目前国内外高压气体压力现场校准领域内的研究现状及校准用标准器的技术要求,现场应具备的环境条件,校准项目,校准点的选取。本校准方法在被校准压力仪表的使用范围内校准,不需要拆卸压力仪表,大大便利了现场高压气体压力仪表的校准,对高压气体压力仪表现场校准测量不确定度进行评定及验证。     

航空发动机尾气静电信号基线模型分析及应用

开展了基于尾气静电信号的航空发动机气路监控技术的应用研究,把尾气静电监测信号EGEMS作为一种新的气路状态参数并建立其基线模型,通过监控尾气静电信号RMS(root mean square)值的偏差值实现对气路部件的实时监控.首先从尾气静电监测的角度总结了尾气碳烟颗粒物的排放特性,分析了尾气静电信号的基线成分、主要影响因素及典型故障静电信号特征,在此基础上分别提出了基于燃油流量单参数的尾气静电信号基线模型(参数化模型)和基于多元状态估计技术的多参数基线模型(非参数化模型)挖掘技术.通过对某型涡轴发动机尾气静电信号的分析表明:所建立的基线模型能够准确反映发动机不同工况下的尾气静电信号的基本特征,有效地监测到气路的异常状态,验证了所提方法的可行性和有效性.