某型发动机新件涡轮叶片叶冠掉块故障分析

为排除某型发动机新件涡轮叶片叶冠掉块故障,对故障件进行尺寸检测、加工制造工艺复查、断口分析、结构和强度分析等,认为:引发故障的主要原因是叶冠转接R不圆滑、存在尖角,造成应力集中;而相邻原机件叶片弦宽尺寸超差,锯齿形工作接触面积小,以及非工作面局部碰磨,是引发故障的次要因素。采取并验证了有针对性的排故措施。     

光时域反射仪检定装置测量不确定度评定

介绍了光时域反射仪检定装置的测量不确定度评定方法,此方法适用于建立计量标准的测量不确定度评定.     

A Comparative Study of the Influence of the Active Young Sun on the Early Atmospheres of Earth, Venus, and Mars

Because the solar radiation and particle environment plays a major role in all atmospheric processes such as ionization, dissociation, heating of the upper atmospheres, and thermal and non-thermal atmospheric loss processes, the long-time evolution of planetary atmospheres and their water inventories can only be understood within the context of the evolving Sun. We compare the effect of solar induced X-ray and EUV (XUV) heating on the upper atmospheres of Earth, Venus and Mars since the time when the Sun arrived at the Zero-Age-Main-Sequence (ZAMS) about 4.6 Gyr ago. We apply a diffusive-gravitational equilibrium and thermal balance model for studying heating of the early thermospheres by photodissociation and ionization processes, due to exothermic chemical reactions and cooling by IR-radiating molecules like CO₂, NO, OH, etc. Our model simulations result in extended thermospheres for early Earth, Venus and Mars. The exospheric temperatures obtained for all the three planets during this time period lead to diffusion-limited hydrodynamic escape of atomic hydrogen and high Jeans’ escape rates for heavier species like H₂, He, C, N, O, etc. The duration of this blow-off phase for atomic hydrogen depends essentially on the mixing ratios of CO₂, N₂ and H₂O in the atmospheres and could last from ∼100 to several hundred million years. Furthermore, we study the efficiency of various non-thermal atmospheric loss processes on Venus and Mars and investigate the possible protecting effect of the early martian magnetosphere against solar wind induced ion pick up erosion. We find that the early martian magnetic field could decrease the ion-related non-thermal escape rates by a great amount. It is possible that non-magnetized early Mars could have lost its whole atmosphere due to the combined effect of its extended upper atmosphere and a dense solar wind plasma flow of the young Sun during about 200 Myr after the Sun arrived at the ZAMS. Depending on the solar wind parameters, our model simulations for early Venus show that ion pick up by strong solar wind from a non-magnetized planet could erode up to an equivalent amount of ∼250 bar of O⁺ ions during the first several hundred million years. This accumulated loss corresponds to an equivalent mass of ∼1 terrestrial ocean (TO (1 TO ∼1.39×10²⁴ g or expressed as partial pressure, about 265 bar, which corresponds to ∼2900 m average depth)). Finally, we discuss and compare our findings with the results of preceding studies.     

基于传热与压力损失的气-水换热器耦合设计

针对换热器设计中如何合理兼顾传热效率和压力损失的难题,以矩形流通截面的燃气-水列管式换热器为对象,从理论上分析了设计参数之间的内在联系,揭示了换热面积与燃气流通面积、横向管间距、换热管直径之间的匹配关系,建立了基于压力损失和传热计算的耦合设计方法。这种方法已成功应用于某大型燃气冷却器的设计,也可供其它换热器设计时参考。     

超声速喷流啸声的控制方法

通过实验比较了几种超声速喷流啸声的控制方法,包括附加三角凸台和开V形槽的收敛喷嘴。实验结果表明,带三角凸台和V槽的喷嘴对啸声幅值有明显的抑制,尤其是凸台喷嘴对啸声的模态也产生了明显的影响,但是啸声成分仍然存在,并且在上游方向依然占主导地位。在此基础上提出了一种新的控制方法——凸台加V槽的组合喷嘴,实验结果表明,组合喷嘴完全抑制了啸声,而且对于其它超音速喷流噪声成分的幅值也有一定程度的降低。最后还对各种结构喷嘴的气动推力损失进行了综合评估,结果表明组合喷嘴的推力损失介于V槽喷嘴和三角凸台喷嘴之间,平均推力损失在3%左右。     

异形腔体压电声衬声学性能

为提高压电声衬对低频噪声的抑制范围,对声衬腔体进行结构优化。利用平面波理论构建了两种曲线管道的声学物理模型,并分别建立了两种模型的传递矩阵,以此作为异形腔体亥姆霍兹共振器传递损失计算的理论依据,并通过仿真验证其正确性。结合压电振子的形变对声衬进行有限元仿真分析,结果表明:在压电振子施加500V驱动电压时,两种声衬频率偏移量分别为115Hz和120Hz。与圆柱形腔体声衬进行对比结果表明:在相同腔体厚度范围内,由曲率越大的曲线所生成的腔体,在相同驱动电压条件下,频率变化率越高,这为今后对声衬腔体结构优化提供一种有效的依据。      

风扇前传噪声及声衬特性研究

为了探究航空发动机的风扇噪声,通过试验研究了缩尺风扇前传噪声在不同转速工况下的频谱特性和周向模态特性,并对所设计的环形声衬降噪效果进行了验证。研究结果表明,基于试验测量数据分析得到的频谱特性和周向模态特性满足转静干涉噪声理论。随着转速的提高,风扇纯音噪声越显著,高转速工况下纯音噪声的能量约占风扇前传噪声的85%。在所研究的工况范围内,该声衬对目标频率及模态均有显著的降噪效果,且在85%转速工况时的纯音降噪效果最优,其主模态的传声损失约为59dB。该声衬对于设计频率附近的宽频噪声也有一定降噪效果,在85%转速时的宽频噪声平均传递损失约为3dB。     

聚乙烯基倍半硅氧烷及其可瓷化复合材料的制备与性能

以乙烯基三甲氧基硅氧烷(VTMS)为单体,采用水解缩合的方法制备了聚乙烯基倍半硅氧烷(PVSQ),对PVSQ的固化机制、固化温度以及热稳定性进行研究。结果表明以低毒性的乙醇取代甲苯为溶剂、能于150℃中温固化的PVSQ可作为硅基可瓷化防热复合材料的基体使用。通过SEM、EDS、XRD对添加TiB2、云母等成瓷填料制备的PVSQ复合材料的陶瓷化性能进行研究。结果表明材料在800～1 200℃热处理30 min后失重率仅为0. 29%～4. 15%,体积收缩率为5. 20%～15. 08%,高温下成瓷填料与材料热解产物之间发生原位陶瓷化反应,产生大量玻璃相起到基体桥接作用,促进尺寸、形状稳定的陶瓷体形成。     

耐温400℃、低损耗改性氰酸酯载体胶膜的制备及性能

采用双酚E型氰酸酯树脂(BECE)和端羟基聚醚砜(Mx)共改性酚醛型氰酸酯树脂(NovolacCE),并将其与石英布复合制备出了一种耐温400℃、低损耗的改性氰酸酯载体胶膜。结果表明,适量的BECE和Mx热混合加入Novolac-CE树脂中,改善了Novolac-CE的浸润性和韧性,其与石英纤维的接触角降至72.8°,冲击韧性提高到13 kJ/m~2。相比于没经过处理的石英布,经过0.5%KH550/乙醇溶液处理的石英布与Novolac-CE树脂间的粘接强度最大提高70%,但是过多的KH550加入影响胶膜的耐热性。胶膜经200℃/4 h固化后,400℃时剪切强度大于5 MPa,且连续使用60 min后强度保持率大于80%,介电损耗为0.014。胶膜具有良好的自黏性并且室温适用期大于15 d,可作为耐高温(400℃)透波粘接材料应用。     

回流燃烧室流动特性试验

为了揭示有/无燃烧状态下燃烧室热态和冷态流场的特征和流动特性,针对某型回流燃烧室单头部试验件,使用粒子图像测速仪（PIV）,测量燃烧室燃烧状态下不同截面处的热态流场,以及没有燃烧状态下不同截面处的冷态流场,探讨不同总压损失系数对回流燃烧室热态/冷态流场特征及流动特性的影响。研究表明:随着总压损失系数的增大,冷态条件下各截面流场结构基本保持不变,如射流孔穿透深度、射流角度、回流区位置及大小、流线等基本保持一致,但是各位置点速度大小逐渐增大。热态条件下各截面流场随着总压损失系数增大,流场结构也基本保持不变;相同总压损失系数时,热态流场与冷态流场存在差异,燃油喷射与气流的相对运动将会对燃烧室头部的流场结构造成影响,速度较冷态流动时略微增大。