基于性能退化数据的液体火箭发动机可靠性Bayes评定

性能退化表征的是产品的工作能力随时间逐渐降低的现象。对于液体火箭发动机等试验费用昂贵的高可靠性产品,失效时间数据难以得到,此时性能退化数据是评定其可靠性的重要信息。文章提出用线性随机过程模型来描述产品性能参数逼近临界值的过程,再根据产品的失效机理,推导出产品的失效分布函数形式。相对于传统的寿命分布模型,文中推导的失效分布函数中的参数因物理含义明确而易于通过实时跟踪测量性能参数时间序列数据估计得到。文中还通过一个数值实例说明了该方法在工程上应用的有效性。     

Optimal assimilation for ionospheric weather – Theoretical aspect

Observation, specification and prediction of ionospheric weather are the key scientific pursuits of space physicists, which largely based on an optimal assimilation system. The optimal assimilation system, or commonly called data assimilation system, consists of dynamic process, observation system and optimal estimation procedure. We attempt to give a complete framework in this paper under which the data assimilation procedure carries through. We discuss some crucial issues of data assimilation as follows: modeling a dynamic system for ionospheric weather; state estimation for static or steady system in sense of optimization and likelihood; state and its uncertainty estimation for dynamic process. Meanwhile we also discuss briefly the observability of an observation system; system parameter identification. Some data assimilation procedures existed at present are reviewed in the framework of this paper. As an example, a second order dynamic system is discussed in more detail to illustrate the specific optimal assimilation procedure, ranging from modeling the system, state and its uncertainty calculation, to the quantitatively integration of dynamic law, measurement to significantly reduce the estimation error. The analysis shows that the optimal assimilation model, with mathematical core of optimal estimation, differs from the theoretical, empirical and semi-empirical models in assimilating measured data, being constrained by physical law and being optimized respectively. The data assimilation technique, due to its optimization and integration feature, could obtain better accurate results than those obtained by dynamic process, measurement or their statistical analysis alone. The model based on optimal assimilation meets well with the criterion of the model or algorithm assessment by ‘space weather metrics’. More attention for optimal assimilation procedure creation should be paid to transition matrix finding, which is usually not easy for practical space weather system. High performance computing hardware and software studies should be promoted further so as to meet the requirement of large storage and extensive computation in the optimal estimation. The discussion in this paper is appropriate for the static or steady state or transition process of dynamic system. Many phenomena in space environment are unstable and chaos. So space environment study should include and integrate these two branches of learning. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

霍尔推力器内部等离子体流场数值分析

建立以宏观电中性、不同种类粒子间滑移流动为基本假设的一维多流体简化模型，构造了相应的数值计算方法，用于分析霍尔推力器(亦称稳态等离子体推力器，简称SPT)的加速器通道内部物理过程。在适当边界条件以及适当模型常数条件下，能够获得无论在定性还是定量上都与实际比较接近的收敛的稳态解。结果显示，电势降落集中在出口附近，离子加速过程与该电势降落一致；在通道前半段电离比较剧烈，而在出口附近趋于平缓，出口电离度接近80％；由于焦耳加热作用，电子从出口截面向阳极漂移过程中，其温度由初始的约10eV首先提升到接近60eV的峰值，该峰值出现在离出口约1／3通道长度位置上；随后，由于越来越多的能量损耗于电离过程，到阳极附近电子温度降至约25eV。受其中的一些假设所限，本模型不能反映一些特殊区域和某些比较重要的物理过程，同时能够收敛的条件也受到了限制。     

CAD/CAM在台体加工中的应用

结合惯性平台典型复杂零件台体的数控加工,解决了CAM加工坐标系(MCS)的设置及其与机床加工坐标系的协调一致问题、双转台式五轴铣加工中心的后置处理坐标转换问题,完成了台体的数控加工程序设计,提高了台体零件的加工效率。     

基于微型剪应力传感器阵列的边界层分离点测定方法研究

结合边界层分离点附近的剪应力变化规律,提出了针对在飞行器外表面贴附微型传感器的分离点检测方法,并给出了相应微型剪应力传感器阵列的设计方案.研究了2种针对一维剪应力传感器阵列输出电压信号的处理方法,即均值差极大值方法和均方根差分极大值方法,并结合实验数据对上述2种判别算法进行了仿真计算和抗干扰性分析,结果验证了其有效性和准确性.     

灾害天气下大跨屋盖多模态随机离散风致响应研究

研究了具有空间相关性随机风荷载有色噪声过程的数学模型,讨论了用随机白噪声过程滤波生成脉动风荷载的方法。高阶振型对大跨屋盖随机风致响应的贡献不可忽略。本文根据模态解耦原理并结合精细时程积分法,提出了多模态随机离散精细积分法,推导了大跨屋盖风致响应与风效应系数的计算公式。通过大跨屋盖刚性和气弹模型风洞试验,计算了屋盖随机风致动力响应时程。同时研究了大跨屋盖的荷载风效应系数和位移风效应系数的分布情况,结果与有限元分析较吻合,验证了多模态随机离散精细积分法的正确性,证实了该方法是一种简便、快速、准确的大跨屋盖风致响应计算方法。     

Gravity modeling in aerospace applications

The science of inertial navigation has evolved to the point that the traditional gravity model is a principal error source in advanced, precise systems. Specifically, the unmodeled vertical deflections of the earth's gravitational field are a major contributor to CEP (circular error probable) divergence in precise terrestrial inertial navigation systems (INS). Over the years, several studies have been undertaken to the development of advanced techniques for accurate, real-time compensation of gravity disturbance vectors. More complex on-board gravity models which compute vertical deflection components will reduce the CEP divergence rate, but imperfect modeling due to on-board processing limitations will still cause residual vertical deflection errors. In order to eliminate or reduce gravity-induced errors in the INS requires measurement of gravity disturbance values and in-flight compensation to the inertial navigator. It is assumed in this paper that gravity disturbance values have been measured prior to the airborne mission and various techniques for compensation are to be considered. As part of a screening process in this study, several gravity compensation techniques (both deterministic and stochastic models) were investigated. The screening process involved identification of gravity models and algorithms, and developments of selection criteria for subsequent screening of the candidates.     

基于图像处理思想的自适应网格技术

为了提高激波和旋涡等复杂流动现象的捕捉精度和计算效率,基于图像处理的思想,研究了非结构网格的自适应加密和稀疏算法.将流场计算网格与图像像素类比,借鉴图像处理的方法,提出了一种流场自适应区域的分割算法.该方法能自动对自适应区进行分层,中间区域网格可以达到原来多次自适应的效果,而且提高了生成网格的质量.将算法嵌入到流场求解器中,根据流场求解结果对网格进行自适应,并使用算例进行了验证.     

新型不锈钢导管连接卡箍的研制

卡箍在飞机上的应用较为广泛,卡箍的质量问题也会影响飞行的安全。新型不锈钢导管连接卡箍可降低应力腐蚀的产生,可减少燃油、空调系统的故障,能够满足军机的使用需求。本文介绍了这种卡箍的结构特点,制造工艺和气密、振动、弯曲疲劳、压力循环、耐压、破坏压力和低温密封试验的试验过程。     

水工质激光推进数值建模分析

在对水工质激光推进内流场特征分析的基础上,对描述内流场演化过程的数学模型进行探讨,研究了水滴蒸发模型、水滴变形和破碎模型在水工质激光推进内流场演化过程中的作用。研究结果表明,流场演化过程中,蒸发引起的水滴体积变化率不会超过0.0216%,因而蒸发模型对于计算结果影响不大,在计算过程中可以忽略;水滴在激波流场的作用下破碎成较小的水滴,形成二次雾化,破碎后的水滴体积最小只有原体积的1.5%,对于激光能量的沉积有较大影响,所以在计算中必须考虑水滴变形和破碎模型。