陕西省县域经济发展浅探

党的十六大提出"壮大县域经济"以来,县域经济作为社会经济一种新的发展模式已受到社会各界越来越多的关注.发展壮大县域经济,增强县城经济活力和竞争力,也是陕西省目前经济发展的重要任务之一.通过对陕西省县域经济现状的阐述,指出了存在的问题,提出了强化特色意识、环境意识、开放意识和推进"三化"进程等发展壮大陕西省县域经济的建议和措施.     

动力涡轮驱动的逆升压式空气循环制冷系统优化设计

基于典型飞行剖面分析计算,对目前电子设备吊舱所应用的各种环境控制系统进行了简要介绍,并分别分析了其优缺点.通过比较指出:动力涡轮驱动的逆升压式空气循环制冷系统是适用于电子设备吊舱冷却的有效方案之一.此系统在保证冷却涡轮处于设计工况的条件下,让部分冲压空气通过动力涡轮,因此,不会有非设计工况下冷却涡轮效率下降的问题,可以获得较大的制冷量.本文建立了该系统及各附件的数学模型,确定了系统设计计算方法,并分别以系统质量最小和性能系数最高为优化目标函数,提出了系统优化设计方法.     

Using high-energy proton fluence to improve risk prediction for consequences of solar particle events

The potential for exposure to large solar particle events (SPEs) with high energy levels is a major concern during interplanetary transfer and extra-vehicular activities (EVAs) on the lunar and Mars surface. Previously, we have used data from the last 5 solar cycles to estimate percentiles of dose to a typical blood-forming organ (BFO) for a hypothetical astronaut in a nominally shielded spacecraft during a 120-d lunar mission. As part of this process, we made use of complete energy spectra for 34 large historical SPEs to calculate what the BFO mGy-Eq dose would have been in the above lunar scenario for each SPE. From these calculated doses, we then developed a prediction model for BFO dose based solely on an assumed value of integrated fluence above 30 MeV (Φ₃₀) for an otherwise unspecified future SPE. In this study, we reasoned that since BFO dose is determined more by protons with higher energies than by those with lower energies, more accurate BFO dose prediction models could be developed using integrated fluence above 60 (Φ₆₀) and above 100 MeV (Φ₁₀₀) as predictors instead of Φ₃₀. However to calculate the unconditional probability of a BFO dose exceeding a pre-specified limit (“BFO dose risk”), one must also take into account the distribution of the predictor (Φ_30,Φ₆₀, or Φ₁₀₀), as estimated from historical SPEs. But Φ₆₀ and Φ₁₀₀ have more variability, and less available historical information on which to estimate their distributions over many SPE occurrences, than does Φ₃₀. Therefore, when estimating BFO dose risk there is a tradeoff between increased BFO dose prediction at a given energy threshold and decreased accuracy of models for describing the distribution of that threshold over future SPEs as the threshold increases. Even when taking the second of these two factors into account, we still arrived at the conclusion that overall prediction improves as the energy level threshold increases from 30 to 60 to 100 MeV. These results can be applied to the development of approaches to improve radiation protection of astronauts and the optimization of mission planning for future space missions.     

Interstellar planetary protection

In the coming decades the detection of Earth-like extrasolar planets, either apparently lifeless or exhibiting spectral signatures of life, will encourage design studies for craft to visit them. These missions will require the elaboration of an interstellar planetary protection protocol. Given a specific dose required to sterilize microorganisms on a spacecraft, a critical mean velocity can be determined below which a craft becomes self-sterilizing. This velocity is calculated to be below velocities previously projected for interstellar missions, suggesting that an active sterilization protocol prior to launch might be required. Given uncertainties in the surface conditions of a destination extrasolar planet, particularly at microscopic scales, the potential for unknown biochemistries and biologies elsewhere, or the possible inoculation of a lifeless planet that is habitable, then both lander and orbiter interstellar missions should be completely free of all viable organisms, necessitating a planetary protection approach applied to orbiters and landers bound for star systems with unknown local conditions for habitability. I discuss the case of existing craft on interstellar trajectories – Pioneer 10, 11 and Voyager 1 and 2.     

名城文化误区与政府文化观

当前历史名城的保护和建设中,出现了不少文化误区,表现为“泛文化”、“狭文化”、“假文化”、“死文化”、“功利文化”以及文化的“泛产业化”和非特色化,等等。产生这些误区的原因不仅仅是政府利益和政绩观、发展观产生偏差,政府文化观的缺失与错位才是问题产生的根源,因此,只有培养正确的文化观和体制改革双管齐下,才能更好地保护和传承名城文化,避免借保护之名行破坏之实的行为。     

航天器环境工程研究与展望

文章对航天器环境工程的发展进行了科学的探讨。文章指出：开展高可靠、长寿命航天器环境试验评价及防护技术研究,是航天器环境工程的长期重点发展方向;开展月球探测器特殊环境效应与模拟试验技术的研究,是探月工程的需求;航天器环境效应综合预示系统及航天器虚拟总装工艺技术,是未来发展的趋势;而建立空间环境天地一体化应用系统和建立空间环境试验与总装生产体系,是未来发展的模式。     

板翅式热交换器的MATLAB仿真模型

推导了空气-空气热交换器干态与湿态一致的参数集中法动态仿真模型,在MATLAB仿真环境下实现了这一模型,利用完成的模块进行了仿真计算的示例,该方法已经用于某些实际系统计算中,对于环控系统仿真研究具有很大的参考意义.      

试论航天器环境可靠性试验

文章从航天器特点、航天器试验的目的和重要性、一般武器装备的可靠性试验状况以及可靠性试验的发展史出发进行分析,从而得出了可靠性是航天器试验的目的、环境是航天器试验的手段的结论.从这个意义上讲,称航天器的研制试验、鉴定试验、验收试验、发射前的合格认证和运行试验的试验项目和要求与各类组件级设备、各分系统、系统级组成的试验矩阵为航天器环境可靠性试验矩阵.每一项试验都是航天器环境可靠性试验的不可或缺的组成部分;减少试验类别或项目、或降低要求,虽然可以得到减少经费、缩短研制周期的好处,但势必要冒失效或性能降低的风险而付出应有的代价.     

航天器的风险管理及其在环境试验中的应用

风险管理是航天计划/项目管理中的重要组成部分,并已在国外的航天型号研制中受到重视.文章介绍了国外在航天项目中对风险管理的要求和风险管理过程,同时着重介绍了风险管理在环境试验工作中的应用实例.     

NASA空间环境及效应(SEE)计划进展

文章介绍了NASA在1993年提出的空间环境及效应(下称SEE)计划,其目的是明确空间环境的定义,为设计、研制能适应严酷空间环境效应的航天器系统并使其正常运行提供技术支持.该计划包括认识空间环境、飞行试验和地面试验技术的优化、更新空间环境及其效应的预测模型、保存信息并将之纳入航天器的设计流程等方面.文章描述了SEE计划目前已取得的成就和未来的打算.