Planetary protection issues related to human missions to Mars

In accordance with the United Nations Outer Space Treaties [United Nations, Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, UN doc A/RES/34/68, resolution 38/68 of December 1979], currently maintained and promulgated by the Committee on Space Research [COSPAR Planetary Protection Panel, Planetary Protection Policy accepted by the COSPAR Council and Bureau, 20 October 2002, amended 24 March 2005, http://www.cosparhq.org/scistr/PPPolicy.htm], missions exploring the Solar system must meet planetary protection requirements. Planetary protection aims to protect celestial bodies from terrestrial contamination and to protect the Earth environment from potential biological contamination carried by returned samples or space systems that have been in contact with an extraterrestrial environment. From an exobiology perspective, Mars is one of the major targets, and several missions are currently in operation, in transit, or scheduled for its exploration. Some of them include payloads dedicated to the detection of life or traces of life. The next step, over the coming years, will be to return samples from Mars to Earth, with a view to increasing our knowledge in preparation for the first manned mission that is likely to take place within the next few decades. Robotic missions to Mars shall meet planetary protection specifications, currently well documented, and planetary protection programs are implemented in a very reliable manner given that experience in the field spans some 40 years. With regards to sample return missions, a set of stringent requirements has been approved by COSPAR [COSPAR Planetary Protection Panel, Planetary Protection Policy accepted by the COSPAR Council and Bureau, 20 October 2002, amended 24 March 2005, http://www.cosparhq.org/scistr/PPPolicy.htm], and technical challenges must now be overcome in order to preserve the Earth’s biosphere from any eventual contamination risk. In addition to the human dimension of the mission, sending astronauts to Mars will entail meeting all these constraints. Astronauts present huge sources of contamination for Mars and are also potential carriers of biohazardous material on their return to Earth. If they were to have the misfortune of being contaminated, they themselves would become a biohazard, and, as a consequence, in addition to the technical constraints, human and ethical considerations must also be taken into account.     

航空永磁发电机的火灾保护

介绍一种应用于航空永磁发电机绕组短路保护的脱开机构，并为此脱开机构设计了测试电路，通过对脱开时间的测试，证明了这种脱开机构是有效的，最后对测试误差进行了分析。     

分区和有限容积法计算长尾喷管中的湍流流动

为了给长尾喷管热防护结构设计提供热边界条件，从轴对称二维雷诺平均N－S方程出发，采用分区算法和有限容积法计算了长尾喷管中的湍流流动，分析了流场的结构特性，提出了长尾喷管中燃气温度，压强和马赫数分布的某些规律以及燃气温度沿壁面的分布，计算和分析结果提出了长尾喷管热防护结构设计应注意的事项。     

可重复使用热防护系统防热结构及材料的研究现状

在对国外有关各类航天器的防热结构和材料进行广泛调研的基础上，对陶瓷瓦、柔性毡、盖板等防热结构及材料进行了介绍，并总结了防热结构和防热材料的发展现状及趋势。     

Linux 2．6内存保护机制研究

基于Intel i386平台处理器和Linux 2.6内核源代码,从硬件内存保护和虚拟内存保护两个方面分析了最新的Linux内存保护机制,其中硬件内存保护机制包括段式映射阶段的访问控制、页式映射阶段的访问控制以及最新内存保护NX(No eXecute)技术,虚拟内存保护机制包括虚拟区间保护、虚拟区间加锁和Hole技术.最后进一步讨论了增强Linux内存保护的方案.     

飞机机载设备振动环境谱的数据处理与编制

飞机机载设备振动环境谱的数据处理与编制是飞机机载设备环境可靠性试验的重要组成部分,对保障飞机机载设备的安全性和可靠性具有十分重要的意义。以客运飞机为例,对基于Welch法和GJB最新标准的飞机机载设备振动环境谱数据处理与编制技术进行了研究,根据实测数据和相关资料统计,编制出了飞机机载设备综合环境试验剖面图。所建立的针对飞机机载设备振动环境谱数据处理方法与编制原理,满足了飞机机载设备振动环境谱的试验要求,为机载设备振动环境的可靠性评定奠定了基础。     

热障涂层在涡轮叶片应用中的热防护有效性

建立了含热障涂层的涡轮叶片简化传热模型,通过理论推导建立了热障涂层的有效性判据,并基于此进行了热防护有效性分析。理论分析与数值实验表明:由热障涂层带来的复合传热表面传热系数的变化会显著影响热障涂层的热防护效果;在发动机典型工况下,对于处于高温区的高压涡轮叶片前缘处,热障涂层引起的复合传热表面传热系数变化率最大值的范围为1.25%~10.83%以满足热防护有效性要求。在工程中应特别注意由于热障涂层的应用带来的复合传热表面传热系数的变化,否则会导致热防护失效,甚至产生反效果。      

平流层飞艇环境适应性评价模型

阐述了平流层特别是20km高度左右平流层的环境特点,分析了各种环境因素对长期在此空域中驻留飞行的平流层飞艇性能的影响,在此基础上,建立了平流层飞艇环境适应性评价指标体系。并针对其各评价指标的物理意义不同且数量级相差较大的特点提出了基于物理规划和层次分析法相结合的综合评价模型。算例和分析结论表明:抗风速度余量和产生消耗能量比在平流层飞艇对其飞行环境的适应能力评价中占有重要比重,应成为飞艇总体方案设计和论证时的重点关注指标。     

新型一体化热防护系统热力分析与试验研究

高速飞行器对结构效率的苛刻要求使得热防护系统不断趋于向轻质化、集成化方向发展,新型的力热耦合一体化热防护系统(ITPS)极具发展潜力.首先阐释了一种新型一体化热防护方案的概念与特点,总结了一体化结构设计的基本原则,数值分析了结构参数对背面温度响应、屈曲临界载荷的影响,结果表明腹板厚度对背面温度以及屈曲临界载荷的影响最大.然后设计并加工制备了ITPS的面板与单胞试验样件,分别展开了800℃的高温防隔热性能试验考核和屈曲性能的力学试验研究;试验表明腹板结构是引发热短路效应和屈曲的关键因素,屈曲试验与模拟结果吻合,高温屈曲分析表明温度梯度对屈曲特征有较大影响.     

多电式环控系统电动机功率选定及其经济性分析

提出多电式环控系统参数匹配计算模型,获得不同飞行工况下电动机功率的选定值,分析其影响因素以及系统的经济性.结果表明:对于一定的供气压力,飞行高度越高,电动机功率越大,而同一高度马赫数越大,电动机功率越小;对于给定的飞行工况,供气压力越高,电动机功率越大;对于相同的供气压力与飞行工况,多电式环控系统的性能代偿损失比传统环控系统要小,飞行时间越长,系统的经济性越好.