航天飞行器热防护涂层研究进展

近年来,新研航天飞行器气动热环境往往具有高焓、高热流密度和长时间加热等特点,这促使防热材料的研制朝着低密度、高抗烧蚀、优良隔热等性能的方向发展。受自身材料类型的限制,无论烧蚀型(树脂基)或非烧蚀型(陶瓷基)防热材料都可以通过对烧蚀表面进行涂层处理的手段达到弥补材料性能短板,提高使用性能的目的。本文试图梳理、总结国内外近年来热防护系统用涂层材料的发展状况,探讨各自的优势和缺点,并提出了针对树脂基复合材料热防护涂层可能趋势的推测。     

Integrity of sulfur concrete subjected to simulated lunar temperature cycles

In view of potential application as a construction material on the lunar surface the mechanical integrity of sulfur concrete was evaluated after being subjected to simulated temperature cycles. Here, small cubes of sulfur concrete were repeatedly cycled between room (20 °C) and liquid nitrogen (−191 °C) temperatures after which they, and non-cycled cubes, were evaluated by compression testing. The compression strength of the non-cycled samples averaged ∼35 MPa (5076 psi) before failing whereas the cycled samples fractured at about 7 MPa (1015 psi). Microscopic examination of the fracture surfaces from the cycled samples showed clear de-bonding of the sulfur from the aggregate whereas it was seen adhering in those non-cycled. Based on a simple analysis it was concluded that the large strength discrepancy between cycled and non-cycled samples is due to differences between the coefficients of thermal expansion of the materials constituting the concrete.     

装备复杂电磁环境适应性试验问题探讨

从环境适应性概念入手,提出装备复杂电磁环境适应能力总体需求及适应性试验的基本构成,指出装备复杂电磁环境适应性试验应该具体涵盖雷电类、静电类、电磁兼容类、电子对抗类、强电磁脉冲类等五类试验内容。同时阐述了国内外在适应性试验研究方面的发展现状和遇到的挑战,为后续研究提供重要参考。     

应用ZigBee技术的航天器内部三维空间定位方案

针对航天器内部缺少三维空间定位方案的问题,提出一种应用紫蜂(ZigBee)技术的无线传感器网络定位方案,即通过在航天器内部布置ZigBee无线传感器网络,设置若干数量的参考节点和未知节点,利用参考节点的先验位置信息,以及针对未知节点的测距信息,完成对未知节点的三维空间定位。建立基于参考节点平面的三维空间坐标系,根据到达角度(AOA)计算出未知节点的法向坐标(Z坐标),将未知节点投影至参考节点所在平面(XOY平面),利用三边定位法计算出未知节点在XOY平面的坐标。该方案理论上最少只需要6个参考节点,就可以实现对航天器内部未知节点的定位,并且不需要时间同步,适合于无线传感器网络的低复杂度设计需求;利用到达时间差(TDOA)算法进行AOA计算,通过对参考节点进行分层布局,避免使用复杂的天线阵列技术。仿真验证结果表明:本文方案具有较高的定位精度,同时具有较低的硬件和组网要求,以及较低的计算和通信开销,适合于航天器内部的三维空间定位。     

An Investigation into Vertical Bias Effects

ABSTRACT

In three experiments, after exploring a virtual environment (VE), adult participants made spatial judgments about the location of target objects that were higher and lower than their perceived test location within the VE. In Experiment 1, the locations of the target objects were inferred from verbal instructions. The main results were a tendency to judge objects as closer to the horizontal plane than their true locations, and more efficient downward than upward judgments. Both effects generally accord with findings reported by Wilson et al. (2004a Wilson, P. N., Foreman, N., Stanton, D. and Duffy, H. 2004a. Memory for targets in a multilevel simulated environment: Evidence for vertical asymmetry in spatial memory. Memory & Cognition, 32: 283–297. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 2004b Wilson, P. N., Foreman, N., Stanton, D. and Duffy, H. 2004b. Memory for targets in a multi-level simulated-environment: A comparison between able-bodied and physically disabled children. British Journal of Psychology, 95: 325–338.  [Google Scholar]). In Experiments 2 and 3, which were closely modeled on the design of the Wilson et al. studies, regression to the horizontal plane was noted but no downward bias was observed. A misperception in the viewing height between the floors and ceilings of the virtual rooms was apparent in both experiments. The results from the present study together with earlier investigations suggest different hierarchical encoding of between-axis and within-axis information.     

超临界环境下煤油和UDMH单滴燃烧现象

采用重活塞实验系统,对煤油和UDMH在超临界环境下的蒸发和燃烧现象进行了初步研究,结果表明:无论液态或者凝胶燃料,在超临界环境下均存在蒸发现象。在空气超临界环境下,煤油和UDMH均产生自燃现象。自燃呈现多点着火现象,类似于"森林火灾"模式,且持续时间较长。燃烧大致可分为蒸发、点火、燃烧前期和燃烧后期4个阶段。     

载人航天器空气环境参数控制非定常仿真分析

为支持乘员在轨驻留,载人航天器需通过空气环境控制系统将众多设计参数和空气环境参数控制在指标范围内。文章建立了一种载人航天器空气环境非定常控制仿真分析模型,包括舱体模块、航天员模块、舱压控制模块、温湿度控制模块以及CO2净化模块。利用该模型分析了载人航天器空气环境参数随乘员代谢水平的非定常变化趋势,并评估了控制系统的工作性能。结果表明:乘员代谢水平变化对空气环境参数有显著影响,通过调节控制系统运行参数可将各空气参数控制在有效指标范围内。人区温度与O2分压、CO2分压和人区湿度有密切的影响关系,不可孤立地进行分析。为载人航天器空气环境参数控制系统的设计和流程改进提供了依据。     

高校科技人才成长环境与管理模式探索

将科技人才成长环境分成外部环境和内部环境两个部分，以及一般环境和具体环境两个层次，提出了成长环境对科技人才成长的作用方式及其影响。在环境管理方面，提出了环境激励和环境管理的涵义、人才成长及流动环境激励的基本模式、科技人才成长环境管理十大设计原则等。初步提出了科技人才成长环境系统优化概念。     

Performance of a small and low-cost chamber to simulate lunar surface environment

The performance of a small and low-cost metal chamber built to simulate the pressure and temperature conditions of lunar surface was assessed and the results are presented. This chamber is intended for studying the physical properties of lunar surface and subsurface (using soil simulants) and also to validate the technology readiness of certain newly developed payloads planned for future lunar surface missions (Lander/Rover). It is possible to reach down to ∼10⁻⁷ Pa under specific conditions and maintain the temperature of the sample under investigation to lunar day and night temperatures. The designed system has been subjected to various tests to evaluate its performance and suitability for carrying out experiments in a simulated lunar environment.