燃气源开槽导管三维流场的数值模拟

为了解某火箭弹控制系统燃气源开槽导管内的气流流动特性,通过ＳＩＭＰＬＥ方法对其复杂流场进行了数值模拟。采用隐式时间分裂格式、幂函数方案及交错网格修正压力等方法,获得了燃烧室后部和导管内气流的速度、压力、密度和温度的三维分布,计算结果与实验现象的规律一致     

Isothermal study of effusion cooling flows using a large eddy simulation approach

An isothermal numerical study of effusion cooling flow is conducted using a large eddy simulation(LES) approach.Two main types of cooling are considered,namely tangential film cooling and oblique patch effusion cooling.To represent tangential film cooling,a simplified model of a plane turbulent wall jet along a flat plate in quiescent surrounding fluid is considered.In contrast to a classic turbulent boundary layer flow,the plane turbulent wall jet possesses an outer free shear flow region,an inner near wall region and an interaction region,characterised by substantial levels of turbulent shear stress transport.These shear stress characteristics hold significant implications for RANS modelling,implications that also apply to more complex tangential film cooling flows with non-zero free stream velocities.The LES technique used in the current study provides a satisfactory overall prediction of the plane turbulent wall jet flow,including the initial transition region,and the characteristic separation of the zero turbulent shear stress and zero shear strain locations.Oblique effusion patch cooling is modelled using a staggered array of 12 rows of effusion holes,drilled at 30° to the flat plate surface.The effusion holes connect two channels separated by the flat plate.Specifically,these comprise of a channel representing the combustion chamber flow and a cooling air supply channel.A difference in pressure between the two channels forces air from the cooling supply side,through the effusion holes,and into the combustion chamber side.Air from successive effusion rows coalesces to form an aerodynamic film between the combustion chamber main flow and the flat plate.In practical applications,this film is used to separate the hot combustion gases from the combustion chamber liner.The numerical model is shown to be capable of accurately predicting the injection,penetration,downstream decay,and coalescence of the effusion jets.In addition,the numerical model captures entrainment of the combustion chamber mainstream flow towards the wall by the presence of the effusion jets.Two contra-rotating vortices,with axes of rotation along the stream-wise direction,are predicted as a result of this entrainment.The presence and characteristics of these vortices are in good agreement with previous published research.      

国家数值风洞(NNW)工程中的黏性自适应笛卡尔网格方法研究进展

相比传统的结构和非结构网格,笛卡尔网格具有自动化和高质量兼顾的优势,是未来网格技术发展的重要方向。面向笛卡尔网格生成软件开发需求,依托国家数值风洞（NNW）工程,介绍了黏性自适应笛卡尔网格技术相关课题的研究工作进展,重点从网格生成技术、自适应方法、黏性物面边界处理方法等方面展开。网格生成技术方面,基于全线程树数据结构的思想,开展了叉树数据结构的优化;针对物面离散单元信息的快速检索,构建了稳定、平衡、高效的叉树式物面网格数据结构;对于网格单元类型的判断,发展了染色方法和包围盒方法以提高效率;针对大规模网格量,发展了高性能并行计算技术。自适应技术方面,发展了基于几何特征和流场解特征的自适应方法,建立了流场结构捕捉判据,并开展了三维复杂构型的应用;为了降低全局网格规模,发展了各向异性自适应方法,构建了各向异性特征识别的综合判据;发展了边界层法向射线加密技术,以减少边界层内的网格数目。物面边界处理方面,发展了重叠笛卡尔网格方法,构建了重叠网格尺度匹配技术和数据交互方法;开展了壁面函数方法在笛卡尔网格框架下的适应性应用,以放宽壁面网格尺度限制、降低边界层网格规模,并通过典型算例验证了方法的可靠性。     

基于机器学习的管材数控弯曲质量预测

在管材数控（NC）弯曲过程中,可能出现起皱、过度减薄的质量缺陷,同时会不可避免地发生回弹,都将严重影响成形质量。为了对数控弯曲成形质量进行预测,提出了使用有限元模拟与机器学习相结合的方法,并建立了快速的成形质量预测方法。首先,建立了有效的管材数控弯曲的参数化有限元模型,在工艺参数取值范围中随机选择进行大量的模拟实验作为样本,完成学习数据的挖掘。随后,基于径向基函数（RBF）神经网络建立壁厚减薄与回弹程度的预测模型并使用支持向量机（SVM）建立管材起皱的预测模型。最后,使用模型对新的实例进行预测,并利用模拟与数控弯曲实验对预测模型进行验证。 该方法可以对大直径薄壁管材数控弯曲质量进行有效的预测,提高弯曲管件零件设计效率。      

Severe disruption of the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules in a human macrophageal cell line in microgravity—Results of an in vitro experiment on board of the Shenzhou-8 space mission

During spaceflight the immune system is one of the most affected systems of the human body. During the SIMBOX (Science in Microgravity Box) mission on Shenzhou-8, we investigated microgravity-associated long-term alterations in macrophageal cells, the most important effector cells of the immune system. We analyzed the effect of long-term microgravity on the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules. Human U937 cells were differentiated into a macrophageal phenotype and exposed to microgravity or 1g on a reference centrifuge on-orbit for 5 days. After on-orbit fixation, the samples were analyzed with immunocytochemical staining and confocal microscopy after landing. The unmanned Shenzhou-8 spacecraft was launched on board a Long March 2F (CZ-2F) rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (JSLC) and landed after a 17-day-mission. We found a severely disturbed actin cytoskeleton, disorganized tubulin and distinctly reduced expression of CD18, CD36 and MHC-II after the 5 days in microgravity. The disturbed cytoskeleton, the loss of surface receptors for bacteria recognition, the activation of T lymphocytes, the loss of an important scavenger receptor and of antigen-presenting molecules could represent a dysfunctional macrophage phenotype. This phenotype in microgravity would be not capable of migrating or recognizing and attacking pathogens, and it would no longer activate the specific immune system, which could be investigated in functional assays. Obviously, the results have to be interpreted with caution as the model system has some limitations and due to numerous technical and biological restrictions (e.g. 23 °C and no CO₂ supply during in-flight incubation). All parameter were carefully pre-tested on ground. Therefore, the experiment could be adapted to the experimental conditions available on Shenzhou-8.     

宽马赫数二维曲面压缩高超声速进气道设计

为设计出工作范围为Ma 2~7的RBCC发动机进气道,利用压升规律可控的二维曲面压缩设计方法,以Ma 6为设计点设计了宽马赫数新型二元高超声速进气道气动型面,采用前掠侧板减小了进气道的内收缩比,在Ma 4以下采用顶板放气的方式来扩展进气道的工作范围。数值模拟研究了进气道的流场及性能,发现采用曲面压缩设计的新型二元进气道在Ma 4~7范围波系较少,流场结构良好,同时总压恢复较高,流量捕获能力强。通过顶板放气可实现在Ma 1.5~4范围内正常工作,放气量在15%以下。从流场和性能参数看,曲面压缩进气道在Ma 4以上性能良好,但在Ma 4以下流量捕获能力偏低。     

冲击加多斜孔双层壁冷却方式气膜绝热温比研究

采用传热传质类比方法,对冲击加多斜孔双层壁冷却方式气膜绝热温比进行了实验研究。主要考虑了双层壁夹缝高度、冲击壁、吹风比、孔排列方式、以及孔间距对局部绝热温比的影响。并且给出了根据 5种几何结构实验板的展向平均绝热温比沿流向的分布运用最小二乘法拟合公式。研究结果表明:对某一确定几何结构的多斜孔实验板,加冲击壁与否以及双层壁间夹缝高度的变化对相同吹风比下的绝热温比影响甚小,局部绝热温比的分布主要取决于吹风比和孔阵排列方式。从绝热温比考虑,叉排长菱形排布比较理想。      

航空发动机机匣电子束焊接变形模拟分析与优化

为了对焊接变形进行预测与控制,建立了焊接接头的弹塑性有限元模型,并对电子束热源模型进行了校核,获得了接头焊接位置的塑性应变区域大小;建立了风扇叶片机匣3D壳单元有限元模型,并采用固有应变法对机匣焊接变形进行了模拟计算,获取了焊接过程的变形分布,通过实测机匣变形量并与仿真结果进行对标,验证了模型的准确性;通过对风扇叶片机匣焊接顺序以及焊接熔池宽度等工艺参数的优化,获得了控制风扇叶片机匣焊后变形的最优方案。结果表明:模拟与实测的平均变形误差仅10.3%,基于固有应变法的中心面3D壳单元有限元模型适用于大型复杂薄壁件的电子束焊接变形预测,该方法已得到应用;风扇叶片机匣焊接熔池宽度的优化能够有效控制焊后变形,焊缝上熔池宽度降低为2.7 mm,焊后平均径向变形量降低30%,能够明显降低机匣径向收缩变形,焊接顺序的优化对变形控制效果较差。      

基于概率反弹碰撞模型的进气粒子分离器两相流数值模拟

通过5点Gauss-Hermite积分拟合粒子与固壁碰撞后,反弹速度和角度的概率密度分布试验数据,建立粒子与固体碰撞/概率反弹模型.将该模型应用于直升机用整体式预旋与非预旋进气粒子分离器气固两相流场数值模拟,并与另外两种常用的粒子与固壁碰撞反弹模型(平均恢复系数模型、完全弹性碰撞模型)的计算结果进行了对比.结果表明:上述3种碰撞模型都能较好地预测AC粗砂的分离效率;对于C级砂,基于完全弹性碰撞模型的预测结果则过低;基于平均恢复系数模型的预测结果明显偏高,有预旋时尤其明显;而基于概率反弹模型的预测结果处于两者之间,与试验结果吻合更好.      

大弯管冲击/发散冷却特性的数值计算与分析

采用Fluent 软件对大弯管多方案冲击/发散冷却特性进行了流固耦合传热计算,得到了不同方案的壁温和综合冷却效率的分布规律,并开展了大弯管壁温试验。结果表明:①流量系数和总压损失系数与当量流动面积有关,当量流动面积相同时,各方案的流量系数及总压损失系数相差不大;②在当量流动面积相同的条件下,增加发散孔开孔面积、减小冲击孔开孔面积对提高综合冷却效率有利;③发散孔及冲击孔的排布形式会影响综合冷却效率,在孔数、孔径、开孔面积均相同的条件下,六边形排布优于菱形排布。