Plasmaspheric electron content derived from GPS TEC and FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC measurements: Solar minimum condition

The plasmaspheric electron content (PEC) was estimated by comparison of GPS TEC observations and FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC radio occultation measurements at the extended solar minimum of cycle 23/24. Results are retrieved for different seasons (equinoxes and solstices) of the year 2009. COSMIC-derived electron density profiles were integrated up to the height of 700 km in order to retrieve estimates of ionospheric electron content (IEC). Global maps of monthly median values of COSMIC IEC were constructed by use of spherical harmonics expansion. The comparison between two independent measurements was performed by analysis of the global distribution of electron content estimates, as well as by selection specific points corresponded to mid-latitudes of Northern America, Europe, Asia and the Southern Hemisphere. The analysis found that both kinds of observations show rather similar diurnal behavior during all seasons, certainly with GPS TEC estimates larger than corresponded COSMIC IEC values. It was shown that during daytime both GPS TEC and COSMIC IEC values were generally lower at winter than in summer solstice practically over all specific points. The estimates of PEC (h > 700 km) were obtained as a difference between GPS TEC and COSMIC IEC values. Results of comparative study revealed that for mid-latitudinal points PEC estimates varied weakly with the time of a day and reached the value of several TECU for the condition of solar minimum. Percentage contribution of PEC to GPS TEC indicated the clear dependence from the time with maximal values (more than 50–60%) during night-time and lesser values (25–45%) during day-time.     

Comparison of model and experimental ionospheric parameters at high latitudes

Modern use and study of the auroral region needs to attract a wider class of models for describing conditions of radio wave propagation in the ionosphere. In this paper the possibilities of the International Reference Ionosphere model, well-proven and widespread in the mid-latitudes, are investigated in the high latitude zone. Model and measured values of the critical frequency foF2 for two mid-latitude stations (Juliusruh and Goosebay) and four high-latitude ones (Loparskaya, Sodankyla, Sondrestrom, Thule) are compared. Deviations of medians, variations from day to day and solar activity trends seemed to be similar for both areas. This similarity is irrespective of the RZ12 index. Special attention is paid to the TEC parameter and its determination using 6 versions of models, a new version of the model IRI2010 (IRI-Plas) among them. It is shown that the IRI-Plas model significantly improves the definition of TEC in contrast to the versions of IRI2007 and the new model NeQuick. The use of the median of the experimental equivalent slab thickness, together with the current values of the TEC, increases by a factor of two the agreement between calculated and measured foF2 values as compared with the variations from day to day. This allows foF2 to be defined in near-real time.     

高超声速流的电子束诊断法(英文)

本文描述用电子束辉光法测量高超声速流中平均密度、速度以及密度变化特征的物理原理和过程。对此法用于平板上激波层稳定性问题的适用范围和限制条件作了分析。内容通过风洞实验结果加以说明。     

Special Technologies Related to Electron Beam Welding

In order to improve the manufacturing quality of electron beam welding,some technologies are developed by using the special features of electron beam.Comparing with the conventional electron beam welding,the usage of multi-beam technology and micro-beam technology are introduced.In addition.the development of beam diagnostic system is also presented.     

Differential code bias estimation based on uncombined PPP with LEO onboard GPS observations

Differential Code Bias (DCB) is an essential correction that must be provided to the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) users for precise position determination. With the continuous deployment of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, DCB estimation using observations from GNSS receivers onboard the LEO satellites is drawing increasing interests in order to meet the growing demands on high-quality DCB products from LEO-based applications, such as LEO-based GNSS signal augmentation and space weather research. Previous studies on LEO-based DCB estimation are usually using the geometry-free combination of GNSS observations, and it may suffer from significant leveling errors due to non-zero mean of multipath errors and short-term variations of receiver code and phase biases. In this study, we utilize the uncombined Precise Point Positioning (PPP) model for LEO DCB estimation. The models for uncombined PPP-based LEO DCB estimation are presented and GPS observations acquired from receivers onboard three identical Swarm satellites from February 1 to 28, 2019 are used for the validation. The results show that the average Root Mean Square errors (RMS) of the GPS satellite DCBs estimated with onboard data from each of the three Swarm satellites using the uncombined PPP model are less than 0.18 ns when compared to the GPS satellite DCBs obtained from IGS final daily Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) products. Meanwhile, the corresponding average RMS of GPS satellite DCBs estimated with the conventional geometry-free model are 0.290, 0.210, 0.281 ns, respectively, which are significantly larger than those obtained with the uncombined PPP model. It is also noted that the estimated GPS satellite DCBs by Swarm A and C satellites are highly correlated, likely attributed to their similar orbit type and space environment. On the other hand, the Swarm receiver DCBs estimated with uncombined PPP model, with Standard Deviation (STD) of 0.065, 0.037 and 0.071 ns, are more stable than those obtained from the official Swarm Level 2 products with corresponding STD values of 0.115, 0.101, and 0.109 ns, respectively. The above indicates that high-quality DCB products can be estimated based on uncombined PPP with LEO onboard observations.     

First results of operational ionospheric dynamics prediction for the Brazilian Space Weather program

It is shown the development and preliminary results of operational ionosphere dynamics prediction system for the Brazilian Space Weather program. The system is based on the Sheffield University Plasmasphere–Ionosphere Model (SUPIM), a physics-based model computer code describing the distribution of ionization within the Earth mid to equatorial latitude ionosphere and plasmasphere, during geomagnetically quiet periods. The model outputs are given in a 2-dimensional plane aligned with Earth magnetic field lines, with fixed magnetic longitude coordinate. The code was adapted to provide the output in geographical coordinates. It was made referring to the Earth’s magnetic field as an eccentric dipole, using the approximation based on International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF-11). During the system operation, several simulation runs are performed at different longitudes. The original code would not be able to run all simulations serially in reasonable time. So, a parallel version for the code was developed for enhancing the performance. After preliminary tests, it was frequently observed code instability, when negative ion temperatures or concentrations prevented the code from continuing its processing. After a detailed analysis, it was verified that most of these problems occurred due to concentration estimation of simulation points located at high altitudes, typically over 4000 km of altitude. In order to force convergence, an artificial exponential decay for ion–neutral collisional frequency was used above mentioned altitudes. This approach shown no significant difference from original code output, but improved substantially the code stability. In order to make operational system even more stable, the initial altitude and initial ion concentration values used on exponential decay equation are changed when convergence is not achieved, within pre-defined values. When all code runs end, the longitude of every point is then compared with its original reference station longitude, and differences are compensated by changing the simulation point time slot, in a temporal adjustment optimization. Then, an approximate neighbor searching technique was developed to obtain the ion concentration values in a regularly spaced grid, using inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation. A 3D grid containing ion and electron concentrations is generated for every hour of simulated day. Its spatial resolution is 1° of latitude per 1° of longitude per 10 km of altitude. The vertical total electron content (VTEC) is calculated from the grid, and plotted in a geographic map. An important feature that was implemented in the system is the capacity of combining observational data and simulation outputs to obtain more appropriate initial conditions to the ionosphere prediction. Newtonian relaxation method was used for this data assimilation process, where ionosonde data from four different locations in South America was used to improve the system accuracy. The whole process runs every day and predicts the VTEC values for South America region with almost 24 h ahead.     

Ni18%和0Cr15Ni5Cu2Ti异种钢材电子束焊接工艺试验研究

对Ni18%和0Cr15Ni5Cu2Ti超高强度马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢异种钢材之间进行了电子束焊接工艺试验,就其工艺可焊性及接头性能、金相组织、焊缝质量、力学性能等开展研究,采用X-探伤、静载强度、金相观察、电镜扫描和能谱分析等检测手段对试件进行了分析并得出了相应结论。     

双栅极空气计数器系统参数优化设计方法

 基于金属材料微裂纹检测传感器系统放电脉冲的形成过程, 建立了离散化放电的数学模型, 提出了传感器系统参数优化设计的一种新方法。实验结果表明, 采用该理论设计的传感器系统参数, 避免了经验公式设计的片面性, 保证了传感器系统无损检测的可靠性和精确性。     

不同磁暴条件下GEO卫星表面充电电位分布

文章利用1989-2004年间"Los Alamos"7 颗地球同步轨道卫星的数据对不同磁暴条件下处于地球同步轨道高度等离子体片区域的卫星表面充电电位和热电子(0.03~45 keV)温度随地方时的分布及随磁暴发生时间的变化规律进行统计分析.根据对磁层顶电流修正后的Dst指数(Dst*)将磁暴分成弱磁暴、强磁暴以及超大磁暴.在随地方时的分布上,弱磁暴时卫星最可能在午夜后侧负向强充电(＞800 V);随着磁暴强度的增加,在超大磁暴情况下该区域会沿东西方向扩展到夜晚21时到凌晨4时的区域.在随磁暴发生时间的分布上,弱磁暴下卫星表面充电到高负电位主要发生在Dst*最低点前3 h和后2 h的时刻,强磁暴下主要发生在Dst*最低点时刻,而超大磁暴下主要发生在恢复相,持续时间达十几个小时.表面电位的分布规律和热电子温度的分布规律表现一致:卫星表面负电位超过100 V的区域主要集中在热电子温度大于2 keV的区域,而表面负电位最可能超过800 V的区域主要集中在热电子温度大于2.5 keV的区域.通过统计分析看出,对于那些极可能发生高负电位充电(＞8 kV)情况下的卫星表面电位分布与磁暴的强弱并无明显的相关性,但发现在弱磁暴情况下明显集中在正午前侧区域.     

空间次生环境研究及探测方法概述

文章基于空间次生环境及其效应定义,分别结合不同次生环境阐述了国内外在磁场作用下带电粒子对航天器的影响、航天器非金属材料出气的影响、航天器与空间等离子体相互作用影响、航天器发动机羽流效应和航天器舱内电子环境及效应等的研究状况,并有针对性地开展了典型的发动机羽流效应、放电监测系统和航天器自身磁场分布探测研究。