Earth-moon Trajectory Optimization Using Solar Electric Propulsion

The optimization of the Earth-moon trajectory using solar electric propulsion is presented. A feasible method is proposed to optimize the transfer trajectory starting from a low Earth circular orbit (500 km altitude) to a low lunar circular orbit (200 km altitude). Due to the use of low-thrust solar electric propulsion, the entire transfer trajectory consists of hundreds or even thousands of orbital revolutions around the Earth and the moon. The Earth-orbit ascending (from low Earth orbit to high Earth orbit) and lunar descending (from high lunar orbit to low lunar orbit) trajectories in the presence of J2 perturbations and shadowing effect are computed by an analytic orbital averaging technique. A direct/indirect method is used to optimize the control steering for the trans-lunar trajectory segment, a segment from a high Earth orbit to a high lunar orbit, with a fixed thrust-coast-thrust engine sequence. For the trans-lunar trajectory segment, the equations of motion are expressed in the inertial coordinates about the Earth and the moon using a set of nonsingular equinoctial elements inclusive of the gravitational forces of the sun, the Earth, and the moon. By way of the analytic orbital averaging technique and the direct/indirect method, the Earth-moon transfer problem is converted to a parameter optimization problem, and the entire transfer trajectory is formulated and optimized in the form of a single nonlinear optimization problem with a small number of variables and constraints. Finally, an example of an Earth-moon transfer trajectory using solar electric propulsion is demonstrated.     

端点误差控制刀位算法的改进

 对端点误差控制数控加工刀位算法进行了改进：采用2个端点间偏置距离代替它们的参数差值用于衡量加工带宽和进行加工误差控制,提出了一种新的采用循环迭代计算刀具旋转角度的方法,并给出了格点法对偏置方向角进行优化的过程;使得算法不受具体的曲面参数化方式影响,简化了刀具定位时计算量,刀位得到了充分的优化。利用UG二次开发技术进行的实例计算表明：设置走刀方向沿着曲面的最小主曲率方向比沿着曲面的最大主曲率方向加工带宽更宽,前者应该是该算法的最优走刀方向,而且沿着最优方向走刀的优化刀位和多点切触加工算法得到的加工刀位一致,该算法也比多点切触加工算法有更大的适应性。     

叶轮流道5轴高速铣加工刀轨计算

为适应叶轮流道的高速加工,提出了一种新的端面铣削5轴加工刀轨生成算法。该算法首先提取原加工刀轨面的上下边界边,接着采用5次NURBS曲线拟合此上下边界边,然后顺序地连接上下NURBS曲线的型值点,最终生成了全程C2连续的刀位曲线和空间平滑变化的刀轴矢量,应用于Superm an CAMⅡ原型系统中。经测试,该算法的运行速度已接近于UG,所生成的加工刀轨加工材料为铝合金的叶轮流道,刀具能以转速5 000r/m in以及进给速度600 mm/m in平稳地进行精加工,满足了高速走刀的要求。     

薄壁件加工变形主动补偿方法

研究薄壁件加工过程中受力变形产生的回弹误差控制,提出了分层完全补偿和优化补偿两种加工路径补偿方法,建立了加工路径补偿优化模型,考虑了多次走刀间加工变形和切削力的耦合作用,并应用迭代算法求解路径补偿优化模型。以航空薄壁件单刃端铣加工为例,对完全补偿、分层完全补偿和优化补偿进行了仿真分析和试验分析。结果表明,分层完全补偿和优化补偿能更好地减少加工误差,为薄壁件受力变形控制提供了参考依据。     

超声磨料对TC4钛合金电火花加工表面质量的影响

为改善TC4钛合金电火花加工表面质量,减少表面微裂纹、重熔层等表面缺陷,提出了基于电极振动的超声磨料电火花复合加工方法。在煤油工作液中混入12g/L的SiC磨料粉,进行了有无超声磨料作用的窄脉冲(脉宽小于1μs)电火花加工的表面粗糙度对比实验研究。实验结果表明:SiC磨料的超声振动作用使零件表面粗糙度Ra由0.5μm降到0.2μm左右;重熔层厚度、表面裂纹的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)照片显示,超声磨料作用使重熔层厚度减薄20～30μm,表面微裂纹得到有效控制;机理分析认为工作液高频振动及磨料对工件的冲击作用,是改善TC4钛合金电火花加工表面质量的主要原因。研究表明磨料的超声振动作用可显著改善TC4钛合金电火花加工的表面质量。     

三元流闭式叶轮组合电加工技术研究Ⅱ——数控电解预加工

数控电解预加工是组合电加工技术中不可或缺的关键工艺,本文专题论述了三元流闭式叶轮数控电解预加工中阴极及其运动轨迹设计等关键技术。提出了采用多个阴极分区域加工流道的方法,利用先层切再叠加的方法将三维问题简化为二维问题处理而实现阴极加工型面的数值求解。在完成阴极结构优化设计专用工装夹具设计和数控加工程序编制的基础上,以某型三元流闭式叶轮为研究对象进行了加工工艺试验,并加工了符合设计要求的三元流闭式叶轮。试验研究表明,采取数控电解预加工工艺方案能够满足实际生产要求,可提高效率40%,降低电火花加工的电极损耗50%。     

基于经线划分的非圆截面环形刀具刀位优化算法

目前环形刀具的刀位算法均未考虑圆刀片安装时存在的俯仰角和偏转角,因而在理论上存在较大的编程误差。针对实际使用刀具为非圆截面环形刀具的情况,通过对环形刀具的截面曲线进行分析,提出了一种基于经线划分的非圆截面环形刀具刀位优化算法。首先利用经线法求解出刀具表面和工件曲面之间的误差分布,然后根据此误差分布来调整刀具位置和姿态,使刀具表面与设计曲面在不发生干涉的情况下实现密切接触,从而得到刀具在指定定位点处的最优刀位。仿真结果表明,传统的五坐标刀位算法会产生较大的加工误差,而本文提出的算法消除了圆刀片安装时存在的俯仰角和偏转角所引起的加工误差,可有效提高复杂曲面的加工精度并获得满足给定编程公差的优化刀位。     

电流对SnBi共晶合金熔体／Cu反应偶界面反应的影响

研究了250℃条件下电流对SnBi共晶熔体／Cu／SnBi共晶熔体反应偶的界面反应的影响。实验结果表明未施加电流时SnBi共晶熔体／Cu反应偶界面反应产物为扇贝状的Cu6Sn5层和薄的Cu3Sn层。施加电流会促进SnBi共晶熔体／Cu反应偶界面反应层的生长。电流作用下SnBi共晶熔体／Cu／SnBi共晶熔体反应偶的阳极界面反应层厚度明显厚于阴极界面反应层厚度。     

Detailed Design of a High Speed Switched Reluctance Starter/Generator for More/All Electric Aircraft

The basic concepts and advantages of more/all electric aircraft (M/AEA) are briefly addressed. The combined starter/generator (CS/G) system is introduced as a key technology to enable M/AEA. Some important performance requirements for CS/G system are obtained. Based on these requirements, a high speed switched reluctance machine (SRM) is designed to operate as a starter/generator. The entire design process is mainly divided into two stages: electromagnetic design and thermal design. In electromagnetic design stage, the electromagnetic structure and dimensions of the machine and the number of phase winding turns per pole are obtained; the topology and main technical details of the converter are briefly introduced as well. In thermal design stage, a liquid-cooling system is designed based on the thermal analysis of the machine. In the end, the performances of the designed SRM are basically verified by simulation. To get high performances, the exciting angles are optimized in two different operating modes respectively, and the optimized performances in the motoring mode are given as well.     

Dynamics of the convection in the inner magnetosphere by observations of the diffuse aurora,SAR arc and ionospheric drift

The first results of the comparison of subauroral luminosity dynamics in 557,7 and 630,0 nm emission with simultaneous measurements of the ionospheric drift in the F2 region with a digisonde DPS-4 at the Yakutsk meridian (CGMC: 55–60N, 200°E) at Kp = 2–6 are presented. It is shown from the analysis of individual events that during the magnetospheric convection intensification after the turn of the IMF B_z – component to the south the equatorward extension of diffuse aurora takes place. At the same time the westward ionospheric drift velocity increases both in the diffuse aurora region and much equatorward of it due to the occurrence of the northward polarization electric field. We suppose that the generation of polarization field can be associated with the development of the region 2 FAC during the intensification of magnetospheric convection. The comparison of ground-based observations with measurements of the plasma drift aboard the DMSP-F15 satellite has been carried out.