建设诚信中小企业 打造真正梦想之源

中小企业的诚信状况，对提高我国中小企业的竞争力具有重要意义。本文从加强中小企业诚信建设过程中的政府作为、环境建设、企业改制、企业文化建设方面进行探讨。     

Key ecological challenges for closed systems facilities

Closed ecological systems are desirable for a number of purposes. In space life support systems, material closure allows precious life-supporting resources to be kept inside and recycled. Closure in small biospheric systems facilitates detailed measurement of global ecological processes and biogeochemical cycles. Closed testbeds facilitate research topics which require isolation from the outside (e.g. genetically modified organisms; radioisotopes) so their ecological interactions and fluxes can be studied separate from interactions with the outside environment. But to achieve and maintain closure entails solving complex ecological challenges. These challenges include being able to handle faster cycling rates and accentuated daily and seasonal fluxes of critical life elements such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, macro- and mico-nutrients. The problems of achieving sustainability in closed systems for life support include how to handle atmospheric dynamics including trace gases, producing a complete human diet, recycling nutrients and maintaining soil fertility, the maintenance of healthy air and water and preventing the loss of critical elements from active circulation. In biospheric facilities, the challenge is also to produce analogues to natural biomes and ecosystems, studying processes of self-organization and adaptation in systems that allow specification or determination of state variables and cycles which may be followed through all interactions from atmosphere to soils. Other challenges include the dynamics and genetics of small populations, the psychological challenges for small isolated human groups and backup technologies and strategic options which may be necessary to ensure long-term operation of closed ecological systems.     

企业竞争与共存的生态机制研究

运用生态学中物种竞争的原理研究企业之间的竞争问题，分析了企业竞争与共存的生态机制，包括企业竞争的生态特点，如同源性、非对称性、密度效应、双重作用；企业共存的生态机制，如活命——饱餐原理、非专一性、生命周期差异、环境变化、生态位分离等；最后，通过对企业竞争与共存的生态学模型的分析，认为如果两类竞争企业的行业内竞争比行业间竞争激烈．就可能出现两类企业的稳定共存；否则，如果行业间竞争比行业内竞争激烈，就不可能有稳定的共存，结果将是一方胜，另一方被淘汰，胜者的特征是行业间竞争强度大于行业内竞争强度。     

建立中国企业社会责任会计的构想

本文以西方社会责任会计为引导,阐明建立我国企业社会责任会计的必要性与可能性,并对我国企业社会责任会计的核算体系、考核指标体系和监控体系提出了基本框架。     

纵横式总温探针设计与校正实验

本文针对工程实际问题，提出了纵横式总温探针的设计思想，并制作了许多支探针。为验证其可用性，进行了大量的校正实验。给出了恢复系数随气流马赫数变化的关系曲线及探针对气流方向偏斜的不敏感角等重要性能参数。     

Crop productivities and radiation use efficiencies for bioregenerative life support

NASA’s Biomass Production Chamber (BPC) at Kennedy Space Center was decommissioned in 1998, but several crop tests were conducted that have not been reported in the open literature. These include several monoculture studies with wheat, soybean, potato, lettuce, and tomato. For all of these studies, either 10 or 20 m² of plants were grown in an atmospherically closed chamber (113 m³ vol.) using a hydroponic nutrient film technique along with elevated CO₂ (1000 or 1200 μmol mol⁻¹). Canopy light (PAR) levels ranged from 17 to 85 mol m⁻² d⁻¹ depending on the species and photoperiod. Total biomass (DM) productivities reached 39.6 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for wheat, 27.2 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for potato, 19.6 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for tomato, 15.7 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for soybean, and 7.7 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for lettuce. Edible biomass (DM) productivities reached 18.4 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for potato, 11.3 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for wheat, 9.8 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for tomato, 7.1 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for lettuce, and 6.0 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for soybean. The corresponding radiation (light) use efficiencies for total biomass were 0.64 g mol⁻¹ PAR for potato, 0.59 g DM mol⁻¹ for wheat, 0.51 g mol⁻¹ for tomato, 0.46 g mol⁻¹ for lettuce, and 0.43 g mol⁻¹ for soybean. Radiation use efficiencies for edible biomass were 0.44 g mol⁻¹ for potato, 0.42 g mol⁻¹ for lettuce, 0.25 g mol⁻¹ for tomato, 0.17 g DM mol⁻¹ for wheat, and 0.16 g mol⁻¹ for soybean. By initially growing seedlings at a dense spacing and then transplanting them to the final production area could have saved about 12 d in each production cycle, and hence improved edible biomass productivities and radiation use efficiencies by 66% for lettuce (to 11.8 g m⁻² d⁻¹ and 0.70 g mol⁻¹), 16% for tomato (to 11.4 g m⁻² d⁻¹and 0.29 g mol⁻¹), 13% for soybean (to 6.9 g m⁻² d⁻¹ and 0.19 g mol⁻¹), and 13% for potato (to 20.8 g m⁻² d⁻¹ and 0.50 g mol⁻¹). Since wheat was grown at higher densities, transplanting seedlings would not have improved yields. Tests with wheat resulted in a relatively low harvest index of 29%, which may have been caused by ethylene or other organic volatile compounds (VOCs) accumulating in the chamber. Assuming a higher harvest index of 40% could be achieved by scrubbing VOCs, productivity of wheat seed could have been improved nearly 40% to 15.8 g m⁻² d⁻¹ and edible biomass radiation use efficiency to 0.30 g mol⁻¹.     

企业协同进化的生态机制及其对策研究

企业的进化与生物的进化相类似，但也有区别。在企业与其环境构成的企业生态系统中，一个企业的进化可以影响到其他企业的进化，反过来，其他企业的进化又影响到该企业的进化路径，最终导致整个系统成为一个互相作用、相互促进的整体。企业协同进化的生态特点是不对称性、方向性、适应性、进步性、不可逆性、扩展性。企业协同进化的生态学对策是：（1）正确看待竞争压力；（2）适应环境变化；（3）创建学习型组织；（4）共同进化。     

Cowpeas and pinto beans: Performance and yields of candidate space crops in the laboratory biosphere closed ecological system

An experiment utilizing cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L.), pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Apogee ultra-dwarf wheat (Triticum sativa L.) was conducted in the soil-based closed ecological facility, Laboratory Biosphere, from February to May 2005. The lighting regime was 13 h light/11 h dark at a light intensity of 960 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, 45 mol m⁻² day⁻¹ supplied by high-pressure sodium lamps. The pinto beans and cowpeas were grown at two different planting densities. Pinto bean production was 341.5 g dry seed m⁻² (5.42 g m⁻² day⁻¹) and 579.5 dry seed m⁻² (9.20 g m⁻² day⁻¹) at planted densities of 32.5 plants m⁻² and 37.5 plants m⁻², respectively. Cowpea yielded 187.9 g dry seed m⁻² (2.21 g m⁻² day⁻¹) and 348.8 dry seed m⁻² (4.10 g m⁻² day⁻¹) at planted densities of 20.8 plants m⁻² and 27.7 plants m⁻², respectively. The crop was grown at elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, with levels ranging from 300–3000 ppm daily during the majority of the crop cycle. During early stages (first 10 days) of the crop, CO₂ was allowed to rise to 7860 ppm while soil respiration dominated, and then was brought down by plant photosynthesis. CO₂ was injected 27 times during days 29–71 to replenish CO₂ used by the crop during photosynthesis. Temperature regime was 24–28 °C day/deg 20–24 °C night. Pinto bean matured and was harvested 20 days earlier than is typical for this variety, while the cowpea, which had trouble establishing, took 25 days more for harvest than typical for this variety. Productivity and atmospheric dynamic results of these studies contribute toward the design of an envisioned ground-based test bed prototype Mars base.     

航空与航天大气环境医学工程及其进展

[目的]阐明突破空间大气环境障碍的人机工程内容之一航空航天大气环境医学工程的作用,地位与相互关系及主要进展。 [方法]在运用苏俄和美国等有关资料以及我国预研资料的基础上,对航空航天大气环境医学工程进行较系统的阐述。 [内容]航空航天大气环境因素的危害、航空大气环境医学工程的作用、航天大气环境医学工程的作用、航空航天大气环境医学工程的相互关系。[结论]航空航天大气环境医学工程的基本作用是防护低压、缺氧、高低温和舱内污染等4大有害因素,它保证了飞行员和航天员的安全性并兼顾了航天员的适居性和工效学要求。航空航天大气环境医学工程的相互关系是 3个结合:航空医学与航天医学 (医医结合),航空工程与航天工程 (工工结合),航空航天医学与航空航天工程 (医工结合),而且尚待进一步加强。资料表明,航空航天大气环境医学工程展示了高新的发展前景。     

“微藻-小白鼠”二元生态系统气体交换规律研究

为探讨“微藻-小白鼠”二元生态系统中氧气和二氧化碳交换规律,进一步评价空间微藻光生物反应器地面试验样机生产螺旋藻的能力,开展了螺旋藻和小白鼠的整合试验研究。将微藻光生物反应器和动物活动室组成气路闭环系统,试验期间连续监测系统中氧气和二氧化碳含量、小白鼠的活动状况、藻液pH变化以及藻体浓度含量等指标。试验结果表明,螺旋藻生长良好,系统闭环后促进了藻体的生长;从小白鼠的体征来看,小白鼠生活正常,但对小白鼠的生理影响还需深入研究。螺旋藻和小白鼠间能实现氧气和二氧化碳的完全交换,螺旋藻具有较强的吸收二氧化碳和放氧能力,可作为未来受控生态生保系统中的重要生物部件。