DebrisWatch I: A survey of faint geosynchronous debris

Recent anomalies exhibited by satellites and rocket bodies have highlighted that a population of faint debris exists at geosynchronous (GEO) altitudes, where there are no natural removal mechanisms. Despite previous optical surveys probing to around 10–20 cm in size, regular monitoring of faint sources at GEO is challenging, thus our knowledge remains sparse. It is essential that we continue to explore the faint debris population using large telescopes to better understand the risk posed to active GEO satellites. To this end, we present photometric results from a survey of the GEO region carried out with the 2.54 m Isaac Newton Telescope in La Palma, Canary Islands. We probe to 21st visual magnitude (around 10 cm, assuming Lambertian spheres with an albedo of 0.1), uncovering 129 orbital tracks with GEO-like motion across the eight nights of dark-grey time comprising the survey. The faint end of our brightness distribution continues to rise until the sensitivity limit of the sensor is reached, suggesting that the modal brightness could be even fainter. We uncover a number of faint, uncatalogued objects that show photometric signatures of rapid tumbling, many of which straddle the limiting magnitude of our survey over the course of a single exposure, posing a complex issue when estimating object size. This work presents the first instalment of DebrisWatch, an ongoing collaboration between the University of Warwick and the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (UK) investigating the faint population of GEO debris.     

临近空间高超声速飞行器天文导航系统综述

临近空间是航天与航空业务领域的结合部，具有重要的战略价值。高超声速飞行器是临近空间力量部署的重要载体，已逐渐进入应用部署阶段。临近空间高超声速飞行器的飞行环境和任务条件对导航系统提出了新的更高要求。在总结临近空间高超声速飞行器的导航技术研究进展的基础上，对天文导航技术的应用环境和条件进行了系统的分析和探讨，提出了5个重点研究方向，包括：星图采集效能、光学误差模型、视场观测机理、姿态更新速率、小型化模块化工程化等。研究结果可为临近空间高超声速飞行器天文导航系统的设计提供参考。     

中低轨红外预警星座基于自由段跟踪的单星覆盖性能

推导了中低轨天基红外星座中单颗卫星基于自由段跟踪时的空域覆盖体积与星下黑体积,研究了其随轨道高度变化的规律,分析了存在切地角影响时的体积变化,并进行了计算。     

USB观测数据时标偏差影响分析与评估

USB系统是目前中国载人航天和月球探测任务的主要测控网.由于USB测量设备本身以及无线电信号传播媒介以及其他误差因素的影响,USB测量数据中包含了各种误差,需要在定轨时对观测数据进行误差修正.通常,例行的USB测量误差修正包括对流层折射修正、电离层延迟修正和通道延迟修正,但对定轨过程中可能影响观测数据计算精度的时标偏差并未作修正.针对USB测距测速观测数据,详细研究了观测数据时标偏差对观测值计算精度的影响,分析了误差影响特性,建立了相应的误差修正模型,并通过与卫星星历偏差对USB测距测速观测值计算精度影响特征的比较,发现时标偏差对测量的影响与轨道沿迹误差对观测计算值的影响等效,这使得在定轨过程中分离时标偏差的难度较大.提出了基于星载GPS定位数据分离时标偏差的方法,并利用某次任务的实测数据,分离出了该次任务中USB测量的时标偏差.最后针对目前USB数据时标偏差影响和观测误差量级相当的情况,建议将目前的观测时标精度提高到优于0.1ms的水平,使得时标偏差的影响降低到比观测误差小一个量级的水平.     

追踪及凝视状态下地气光对空间目标成像影响

为了分析不同探测方式下地气光辐射对空间目标成像特性的影响,利用卫星仿真工具包(satellite tool kit,STK)设计了一个以地球同步轨道(geosynchronous orbit,GEO)卫星与中轨道(medium orbit,MEO)卫星上搭载的可见光成像器为探测平台,以高椭圆轨道(highly elli...     

基坑开挖的试验研究与Plaxis结果的比较讨论

基坑开挖与支护是一个三维空间问题。我国对软土深基坑支护工程的研究已取得一些成果，但对非饱和土地区的深基坑支护工程而言，由于非饱和土中存在负孔隙水压力(基质吸力)，使得其与饱和土在性状上有显著的不同。因而软土深基坑支护工程的许多成功经验不适用于非饱和土。对非饱和土基坑开挖的研究，尚存在许多问题有待解决，其中最主要的问题是挡墙上土压力的分布及变形。采用国际先进的Plaxis程序，将计算结果与室内大型模型试验结果进行对比分析，得出挡墙上土压力的分布及变形规律，以期完善土压力理论。     

Design and optimization of stable initial heliocentric formation on the example of LISA

Space-based gravitational wave (GW) detector such as the LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) mission requires high-precision and stability of the triangular formation. The dynamic environment of the detectors is complex, the science requirements for the formation are tight, and consequently, design and optimization of this high-standard formation with essentially many decision variables are very challenging. This paper studies the design and optimization of the stable initial formation of the heliocentric GW detector by taking the LISA as an example. The linearization method based on relative orbital elements is used for formation design in the two-body system. Three constraints are presented to reduce the number of decision variables to fourteen. The geometric features of the arm length and breathing angle of the triangular formation and the relative position of LISA to the Earth are analyzed and numerically verified in a high-fidelity dynamic model, from which the relationships of multiple requirements of LISA are studied, and a single index is summarized to simplify the optimization. Sobol sensitivity analysis is used to quantitatively evaluate the sensitivities of the decision variables to the cost function, with which a self-adaptive adjustment algorithm of the region of the variables is presented to improve the computational efficiency. The availability of the method to quickly and precisely find a stable initial formation in an extensive neighborhood of the nominal formation is verified by numerical simulation, where the best solution decreases about 47.54% of the arm length change from the requirement. This study shows that the initial formation should be deployed appropriately away from the Earth, and the gravitations of Venus and Jupiter should be utilized to maintain the formation stability.     

TanDEM-X: A radar interferometer with two formation-flying satellites

TanDEM-X (TerraSAR-X add-on for Digital Elevation Measurements) is an innovative formation-flying radar mission that opens a new era in spaceborne radar remote sensing. The primary objective is the acquisition of a global digital elevation model (DEM) with unprecedented accuracy (12 m horizontal resolution and 2 m relative height accuracy). This goal is achieved by extending the TerraSAR-X synthetic aperture radar (SAR) mission by a second, TerraSAR-X like satellite (TDX) flying in close formation with TerraSAR-X (TSX). Both satellites form together a large single-pass SAR interferometer with the opportunity for flexible baseline selection. This enables the acquisition of highly accurate cross-track interferograms without the inherent accuracy limitations imposed by repeat-pass interferometry due to temporal decorrelation and atmospheric disturbances. Besides the primary goal of the mission, several secondary mission objectives based on along-track interferometry as well as new bistatic and multistatic SAR techniques have been defined, representing an important and innovative asset of the TanDEM-X mission. TanDEM-X is implemented in the framework of a public–private partnership between the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and EADS Astrium GmbH. The TanDEM-X satellite was successfully launched in June 2010 and the mission started its operational data acquisition in December 2010. This paper provides an overview of the TanDEM-X mission and summarizes its actual status and performance. Furthermore, results from several scientific radar experiments are presented that show the great potential of future formation-flying interferometric SAR missions to serve novel remote sensing applications.     

一类非线性系统的降维状态观测器设计

研究一类仿射非线性系统的降维状态观测器设计问题,对于一类可以反馈线性化的非线性系统,提出了一种非线性降维状态观测器设计方案,并证明了状态观测的渐的收敛性。     

无电压限幅环节的无传感器永磁同步电机矢量控制技术

在电机高速弱磁或过载要求高的情况下,需要通过脉冲宽度调制(PWM)的过调制运行提高直流母线电压利用率。基于磁链观测的无传感器永磁同步电机矢量控制(磁场导向控制,FOC)技术具有算法简单、易实现等优点,但在过调制的情况下电压限幅环节会引起磁链观测及转子位置角估算误差。为提高PWM过调制情况下系统的控制性能,对传统的FOC控制框图进行了改进,省去了电压限幅环节并利用由占空比计算的实际电压对定子磁链进行估算。MATLAB仿真验证了改进方法的有效性。研究结果表明:该方法充分利用PWM调制自有的限幅特性,既能简化控制算法又能提高磁链观测精度,具有较好的技术经济性能。