The flux of interstellar dust observed by Ulysses and Galileo

Interstellar dust detected by the dust sensor onboard Ulysses was first identified after the Jupiter flyby when the spacecraft's trajectory changed dramatically (Grün et al., 1994). Here we report on two years of Ulysses post-Jupiter data covering the range of ecliptic latitudes from 0° to –54° and distances from 5.4 to 3.2 AU. We find that, over this time period, the flux of interstellar dust particles with a mean mass of 3·10^–13 g stays nearly constant at about 1·10^–4, m^–2 s^–1 ( sr)^–1, with both ecliptic latitude and heliocentric distance.Also presented are 20 months of measurements from the identical dust sensor onboard the Galileo spacecraft which moved along an in-ecliptic orbit from 1.0 to 4.2 AU. From the impact direction and speeds of the measured dust particles we conclude that Galileo almost certainly sensed interstellar dust outside 2.8 AU; interstellar particles may also account for part of the flux seen between 1 and 2.8 AU.     

行星际尘粒中锂同位素丰度与太阳星云演化的关系

1引言构成太阳系的大多数元素都经历过恒星演化过程，但3种轻元素Li，Be和B极为脆弱，在绝大多数恒星内部的高温、高密度和剧烈变动的条件下，很快就会分解．太阳系的早期阶段，太阳星云可能是由大爆炸产生的1H、2H、3He、4He和7Li及附近超新星爆发产生的C、N、O等构成[1]，而6Li、Be、B是以后由宇宙射线粒子轰击附近星际和行星际的C、N、O等的核产生[2]．因为Li的同位素丰度的一部分是由大爆炸生成，一部分是由宇宙射线与星际介质核反应产生，因此它的丰度与宇宙射线暴露时间有关．1991年，文献间报导过在行星际尘粒中发现Li、Be和…     

彗星环境中尘埃等离子体的电荷涨落和静电波动

本文分析了尘埃等离子体中尘埃颗粒的带电过程，给出了一套自洽的工流体方程组．运用这组方程研究了尘埃电荷的起伏涨落，得到了非磁化均匀尘埃等离子体中静电波动的色散关系．针对彗星空间环境中尘埃等离子体的特点，讨论了尘埃电荷的涨落对各种静电波动的影响．     

气膜孔形状对排孔下游冷却效率的影响

 实验研究了气膜孔几何形状及吹风比对孔排下游的局部冷却效率的影响。所用孔形是簸箕形孔、圆锥形孔及圆柱形孔,实验的参数范围为二次流孔径雷诺数 Re=10000～ 25000,二次流吹风比 M=0.3～ 2.0,在上述范围选取了 26个工况分别对 3种孔形进行了实验。结果表明 :圆锥形孔、簸箕形孔及圆柱形孔的最佳吹风比分别为 1.0,0.7及 0.5。当吹风比大于 0.7时,带有扩张型出口的气膜孔的冷却效率和冷却区域均优于圆柱形孔。     

MIDAS – The Micro-Imaging Dust Analysis System for the Rosetta Mission

The International Rosetta Mission is set for a rendezvous with Comet 67 P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014. On its 10 year journey to the comet, the spacecraft will also perform a fly-by of the two asteroids Stein and Lutetia in 2008 and 2010, respectively. The mission goal is to study the origin of comets, the relationship between cometary and interstellar material and its implications with regard to the origin of the Solar System. Measurements will be performed that shed light into the development of cometary activity and the processes in the surface layer of the nucleus and the inner coma. The Micro-Imaging Dust Analysis System (MIDAS) instrument is an essential element of Rosetta’s scientific payload. It will provide 3D images and statistical parameters of pristine cometary particles in the nm-μm range from Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. According to cometary dust models and experience gained from the Giotto and Vega missions to 1P/Halley, there appears to be an abundance of particles in this size range, which also covers the building blocks of pristine interplanetary dust particles. The dust collector of MIDAS will point at the comet and collect particles drifting outwards from the nucleus surface. MIDAS is based on an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), a type of scanning microprobe able to image small structures in 3D. AFM images provide morphological and statistical information on the dust population, including texture, shape, size and flux. Although the AFM uses proven laboratory technology, MIDAS is its first such application in space. This paper describes the scientific objectives and background, the technical implementation and the capabilities of MIDAS as they stand after the commissioning of the flight instrument, and the implications for cometary measurements.     

带螺纹塑件注射模设计及成型工艺

分析螺纹塑件的结构特点、工艺要求,介绍了基于拼合结构模外卸除螺纹型环的注射模结构以及工作过程,并且对ABS的注射成型工艺进行了分析。     

旋翼诱发砂尘环境及其对直升机的危害

 用直升机模型进行试验研究,制造了“直升机”在地面附近不同高度悬停及不同桨盘载荷下诱发砂尘环境,考察了旋翼诱发砂尘对直升机的实际危害,测定了某些指定部位的砂尘浓度与作用力及砂尘粒度分布情况。理论分析,计算了机身周围旋翼诱导流场,并经实验检验了直升机旋翼诱发砂尘浓度、粒度分布规律及作用力的近似估算方法。     

砂尘环境试验设备中颗粒浓度场的实验研究

利用中科院寒旱所沙漠研究所室内风沙环境风洞,采用激光粒子成像技术对砂尘环境试验设备中含砂气固两相射流在距喷嘴不同截面中心位置的颗粒浓度场进行了测量和分析研究,并与拍摄的颗粒空间分布数码照片进行对比.实验结果表明在距气固喷嘴约1?m处的截面上,砂粒颗粒还没有扩散到整个空间内,轴线附近的粒子较多,而且大粒子多数处于下部区域,只有在距喷嘴下游约3?m处粒子才基本扩散均匀,从而可确定砂尘环境试验中试件的安放位置.结论认为砂尘试验设备的加砂段应保持在3?m左右,这样才能满足国军标要求,从而为我国自行研制大型砂尘环境试验设备,确定加砂/尘方法、参数、加料和试验段尺寸等提供了依据.     

煤粉热解的激波管测试法及其控制系统

本文主要介绍煤粉热解的激波管测试法及其系统的原理和软件、硬件系统组成。本系统的特点是控制与测试系统既相互独立又有数据传递。特别是控制系统采用模块化的设计方法,集控制与管理为一体。硬件布局合理可靠、软件丰富,且各软件模块间相互调用,克服了机器内存不够的缺陷。还具有手动操作和自动控制两种功能,可广泛应用于其它小型风洞及其它机械设备的控制。     

激波对管内壁堆积粉尘作用的实验研究

用水平激波管研究了激波对管内壁堆积粉尘的抛撒效应。试验粉尘为玉米粉(平均直径5μm),采用 YA-16高速摄影机观察了激波特性和粉尘云的发展。结果表明,在激波扫过堆积粉尘与粉尘被扬起存在一定时间滞后,粉尘云的高度也是有限的。