Ptolemy – an Instrument to Measure Stable Isotopic Ratios of Key Volatiles on a Cometary Nucleus

A fundamental goal of cometary studies is to determine the exact relationship between these bodies and the Solar System – the question(s) can be summarised as follows: did comets originate during the same events that spawned the Sun and planets, are they more primitive bodies that record a pre-solar history, or are they interstellar materials collected in relatively more recent times? Now, whatever the origin of comets, it is entirely possible that they could, in part, contain interstellar or pre-solar components – indeed, it seems rather likely in light of the fact that primitive meteorites contain such entities. These particular components are likely to be refractory (dust, macromolecular organic complexes, etc.). Of more relevance to the issues above are the volatile constituents, which make up the bulk of a comet's mass. Since these materials, by their very nature, volatilise during perihelion passage of a comet they can, in some instances, be detected and measured spectroscopically. Perhaps the most useful species for isotopic investigations are C₂, HCN and CN. Unfortunately, spectroscopic measurements can only currently be made with accuracies of ±10 to ±20%. As such it is very often not practical to conclude anything further than the fact that isotopic measurements are compatible with ‘`solar’' values, which tends to imply an origin from the margins of the solar accretion disk. But there is another problem with the spectroscopic measurements – since these are made on gaseous species in the coma (and relatively minor species at that) it is impossible to be certain that these represent the true nuclear values. In other words, if the processes of sublimation, active jetting, and photochemistry in the coma impart isotopic fractionation, the spectroscopic measurements could give a false impression of the true isotope ratios. What is required is an experiment capable of measuring isotopic ratios at the very surface of a comet. Herein we describe the Ptolemy instrument, which is included on the Philae lander as part of the Rosetta mission to 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The major objective of Ptolemy is a detailed appraisal of the nature and isotopic compositions of all materials present at the surface of a comet.     

Detector of Micrometeoroid and Artificial Space Debris Particles

The mathematical model of a space debris detector based on inflatable metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) film structure is presented. The efficiency of its implementation for detection of space debris particles at different altitudes is estimated, and the information obtained by the detector is investigated.     

光学加工射频离子源的去除函数与稳定性研究

在研究了射频离子源的结构、工作原理和性能的基础上,进行了光学镜面抛光离子束的去除效率与稳定性测试。实验结果表明射频离子源去除函数的形状为回转高斯形,利用Φ15mm的栅网,在靶距为30mm、离子能量900eV时,去除函数的峰值去除率为194nm/min,体积去除率为19.2×10-3mm3/min,半峰全宽值为9.2mm;并且去除函数的峰值去除率与体积去除率的变化均在3%以内,半峰全宽值的变化在1.7%以内。因此,射频离子源具有光学镜面抛光加工所需的去除效率,而且射频离子源具有好的稳定性,具备光学加工的潜能。     

离子束加工中工件吸收热功率分析与建模研究

利用束流修正理论和蒙特卡罗模拟法对离子束加工中某一工艺参数下工件吸收的功率进行理论建模,然后采用测温实验对理论模型进行验证.设计实验时,利用有限元仿真确定了一种合理的轰击靶材铜,简化了实验并且方便了计算.     

隔振设计在超精密加工与测量中的应用

较为系统地论述了振动来源,及根据超精密加工与测量的防微振设计要求,介绍了目前常采用的积极隔振与消极隔振设计方法与实现技术。     

GCr15钢离子注入表面改性研究

对航空轴承用钢ＧＣｒ１５进行了硼离子、氮离子及其复合注入试验。利用扫描电镜和Ｘ射线衍射仪对注入层的组织结构进行了分析，并测试了注入层的硬度、耐磨性、耐蚀性。结果表明：ＧＣｒ１５离子注入层形成了多种弥散相和非晶相，表层的残余奥氏体含量也有所减少。表层的硬度、耐磨性以及耐蚀性经离子注入后明显增加。     

基于后向喇曼散射分布式光纤测温系统温度解调方法研究

 讨论了喇曼和瑞利散射光的温度效应。通过具体的理论分析,指出反斯托克斯散射光比斯托克斯散射光的温度灵敏度高,是此类系统解调温度信息的首选对象。详细讨论了 2种解调方法。通过分析对比它们在系统温度灵敏度、相对温度灵敏度与波长关系上的差异,得到了一系列有意义的结论。针对实际测量过程中光纤损耗因素,利用最小二乘法给出了一种“校正”算法。系统实践证明,上述结论是正确、合理的,校正算法是简洁、有效的。     

锂离子电池用正极材料LiNi_(1-x)Co_xO_2的研究

采用高温固相法分别在空气和氧气气氛下合成锂离子电池正极材料LiNi1-xCoxO2 (x =1 ,0 .8,0 .5,0 .2 ,0 ) ,用X射线衍射 (XRD)测定晶格结构和晶胞参数 ,并用CR2 0 2 5扣式电池及 1 8650型电池对材料充放电性能进行测试。试验结果表明 ,随着LiNi1-xCoxO2 中钴含量增加 ,晶胞参数a和c值依次减小 ,晶胞体积收缩。同时烧结气氛对材料结构和电化学性能影响极大 ,氧气气氛有助于LiNi1-xCoxO2 (x >0 )的生成     

阳极层推力器的研究现状与发展趋势

通过对阳极层推力器的工作原理、特点、羽流特性以及国内外阳极层推力器的研究现状与发展趋势的介绍和分析,指出了阳极层推力器是目前应用前景最好的电推进器之一,并且阳极层推力器正朝着更高功率和/或更高比冲的方向发展。随着空间技术的飞速发展,对高功率和/或高比冲的阳极层推力器的需求将越来越迫切,世界各国在这上面的投入也将越来越大。     

离子推力器羽流特性及其污染分析

介绍了与电推进系统有关的空间环境效应的形成原因及其对航天器性能、寿命等的影响。阐述了离子火箭发动机羽流内束离子、中性推进剂原子、交换电荷（CEX）离子和电子等主要成分与航天器相互作用的过程及机理。分析表明，离子推力器出口处的中性推进剂原子与高速束离子流碰撞后产生的CEX离子Xe^＋，以及带电离子轰击推力器组件特别是加速极所产生的金属CEX离子，是造成离子火箭发动机羽流污染的主要成分。在此基础上提出了若干防污染措施。