Predicting the effects of gas diffusivity on photosynthesis and transpiration of plants grown under hypobaria

As part of a Bio-regenerative Life Support System (BLSS) for long-term space missions, plants will likely be grown at reduced pressure. This low pressure will minimize structural requirements for growth chambers on missions to the Moon or Mars. However, at reduced pressures the diffusivity of gases increases. This will affect the rates at which CO₂ is assimilated and water is transpired through stomata. To understand quantitatively the possible effects of reduced pressure on plant growth, CO₂ and H₂O transport were calculated for atmospheres of various total pressures (101, 66, 33, 22, 11 kPa) and CO₂ concentrations (0.04, 0.1 and 0.18 kPa). The diffusivity of a gas is inversely proportional to total pressure and shows dramatic increases at pressures below 33 kPa (1/3 atm). A mathematical relationship based on the principle of thermodynamics was applied to low pressure conditions and can be used for calculating the transpiration and photosynthesis of plants grown in hypobaria. At 33 kPa total pressure, the stomatal conductance increases by a factor of three with the boundary layer conductance increasing by a factor of ∼1.7, since the leaf conductance is a function of both stomatal and the boundary layer conductance, the overall conductance will increase resulting in significantly higher levels of transpiration as the pressure drops. The conductance of gases is also regulated by stomatal aperture in an inverse relationship. The higher CO₂ concentration inside the leaf air space during low pressure treatments may result in higher CO₂ assimilation and partial stomata closure, resulting in a decrease in transpiration rate. The results of this analysis offer guidelines for experiments in pressure and high CO₂ environments to establish ideal conditions for minimizing transpiration and maximizing the plant biomass yield in BLSS.     

复合材料电搭接分析

电搭接是指用金属编织线或金属片将机载设备的外壳与飞机基本结构连接起来,使两者处于一个共同的电位点。飞机上采用复合材料后,由于复合材料与金属之间电性能的差异,在GJB358-87中规定的搭接电阻值就不完全适用。本文在研究了大量国内外资料的基础上,根据国内目前的技术水平,对安装在复合材料结构上的机载设备,按不同的电搭接功能要求,提出了合适的搭接电阻值。     

高频输氧技术中的气体输运机理

本文介绍了高频输氧技术中气体输运机理的实验研究结果。用气管-支气管-肺模型来模拟人体呼吸系统,用热线和激光测速技术测量该模型内的气流。结果表明,整流效应和湍流扩散具有关键作用。     

Cosmic Rays at High Heliolatitudes

The Ulysses spacecraft has been the first to orbit the Sun over its poles and to explore the heliosphere at these high heliolatitudes. It has now completed two fast latitude scans, one at solar minimum and one at solar maximum. Since its launch in October 1990, this mission has led to several surprising discoveries concerning energetic particles, cosmic rays, Jovian electrons, the solar wind, the heliospheric magnetic field and the global features of the heliosphere. This review addresses mainly the propagation and modulation of cosmic rays and other charged particles, from both an observational and theoretical point of view, with emphasis on what has been learned from exploring the inner heliosphere to high heliolatitudes. This is done for solar minimum and maximum conditions. The review is concluded with a summary of the main scientific discoveries and insights gained so far from the Ulysses mission.     

三层结构加氢反应器器壁中氢扩散的数学模型

根据Ｄｅｖａｎａｔｈａｎ－Ｓｔａｃｈｕｒｓｋｉ提出的电化学渗氢原理，采用专利的电化学氢探头测定氢在金属中渗透速率的方法，建立了氢稳态扩散时在热壁三层结构的加氢反应器器壁中氢浓度计算的数学模型。在反应器的运行条件下，氢渗透过程受扩散控制。只要检测出氢探头在一定温度下的稳态渗氢电流密度ｉ∞，通过计算机程序选择适当的参数输入，应用提出的计算公式可计算单层、双层或三层加氢反应器器壁中各关键界面的氢浓度及器壁径向任意指定剖面上的氢浓度分布。     

液相过渡扩散焊

重点介绍液相过渡扩散焊的特点及国外近年的研究和应用情况。     

Extension of the low diffusion particle method for near-continuum two-phase flow simulations

The low diffusion (LD) particle method, proposed by Burt and Boyd, is modified for the near-continuum two-phase flow simulations. The LD method has the advantages of easily coupling with the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method for multi-scale flow simulations and dramatically reducing the numerical diffusion error and statistical scatter of the equilibrium particle methods. Liquidor solid-phase particles are introduced in the LD method. Their velocity and temperature updating are respectively, calculated from the motion equation and the temperature equation according to the local gas properties. Coupling effects from condensed phase to gas phase are modeled as momentum and energy sources, which are respectively, equal to the negative values of the total momentum and energy increase in liquid or solid phase. The modified method is compared with theoretical results for unsteady flows, and good agreements are obtained to indicate the reliability of the one-way gas-to-particle coupling models. Hybrid LD-DSMC algorithm is implemented and performed for nozzle discharging gas-liquid flow to show the prospect of the LD-DSMC scheme for multi-scale two-phase flow simulations.     

AP/RDX/Al/HTPB推进剂用硼酸酯键合剂的合成与应用研究

针对丁羟四组元推进剂存在的工艺性能与力学性能的问题,设计合成了新型硼酸酯键合剂。选用二乙醇胺、1-溴代正丁烷、丙烯腈、冰乙酸为原料,合成了N,N-二羟乙基正丁胺、N-(2-腈乙基)二乙醇胺、N,N-二羟乙基乙酰胺中间体。对二乙醇胺和丙烯腈反应的产物做了红外和气-质联用分析,证实合成产物为目标化合物。利用所合成的中间体及甲基二乙醇胺与硼酸三正丁酯,合成了4种新型硼酸酯键合剂,采用丁羟四组元推进剂配方装药,验证了它们的使用效果。结果表明,新合成的4种键合剂都能明显改善药浆流动流平性,其中BA-3和BA-4具有很好的键合效果,显著提升了推进剂的力学性能。     

红外探测器晶片电极设计与应力分析

红外探测器是卫星姿态控制中不可或缺的一种探测器.总结了国外近年来红外热敏探测器晶片电极的研究进展,重点介绍了热敏电阻晶片电极的设计思路及其制备工艺.分析了薄膜金属电极给热敏电阻晶片组件带来的各类应力.提出在热敏电阻晶片电极设计时,应选择合适的电极结构、电极材料、膜层厚度、金属薄膜的制备工艺、热处理制度等工艺参数,并确保热敏电阻晶片焊点的应力较低,才能保证红外探测器的性能及其可靠性.实验结果表明,采用Ti/Au双层结构电极的热敏电阻可达到理想的噪声系数和良好的界面结合力.