在大面积柔性基底上制备空间应用薄膜研究

简明讨论了在大面积柔性高聚合物基底材料上制备空间应用薄膜的特点与要求,并对研制的大面积自动连续镀膜设备的结构与性能作了简介;比较深入地探讨了大面积柔性基底材料连续镀膜中对磁控靶和等离子体辉光放电场的要求与作用;介绍了柔性导电型第二表面镜的研制技术、性能与评价方法及结果。     

Exploration life support technology challenges for the Crew Exploration Vehicle and future human missions

As NASA implements the U.S. Space Exploration Policy, life support systems must be provided for an expanding sequence of exploration missions. NASA has implemented effective life support for Apollo, the Space Shuttle, and the International Space Station (ISS) and continues to develop advanced systems. This paper provides an overview of life support requirements, previously implemented systems, and new technologies being developed by the Exploration Life Support Project for the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) and Lunar Outpost and future Mars missions. The two contrasting practical approaches to providing space life support are (1) open loop direct supply of atmosphere, water, and food, and (2) physicochemical regeneration of air and water with direct supply of food. Open loop direct supply of air and water is cost effective for short missions, but recycling oxygen and water saves costly launch mass on longer missions. Because of the short CEV mission durations, the CEV life support system will be open loop as in Apollo and Space Shuttle. New life support technologies for CEV that address identified shortcomings of existing systems are discussed. Because both ISS and Lunar Outpost have a planned 10-year operational life, the Lunar Outpost life support system should be regenerative like that for ISS and it could utilize technologies similar to ISS. The Lunar Outpost life support system, however, should be extensively redesigned to reduce mass, power, and volume, to improve reliability and incorporate lessons learned, and to take advantage of technology advances over the last 20 years. The Lunar Outpost design could also take advantage of partial gravity and lunar resources.     

介质阻挡放电等离子体气动激励的动量特性

从诱导气流速度和体积力两个方面开展了介质阻挡放电等离子体气动激励的动量特性研究,对不同激励参数下的诱导气流速度进行了测量与结果分析;通过对体积力的实验测量与理论计算,对比研究了体积力的变化规律与主要影响因素.结果表明:等离子体气动激励可以增大气流速度,但随着气流速度的增大,等离子体气动激励的加速效果减弱;激励电压或激励频率增大,体积力均表现为线性增加,但激励电压增大时可以更好的增大体积力;与增大电极内间距相比,增大下层电极宽度可以产生更大的体积力.      

碳纤维复合材料湿热老化加速关系

受环境因素作用,碳纤维增强聚合物基复合材料(Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composities,CFRP)湿热环境下发生性能退化是一个重要的工程问题,而如何通过实验室加速试验再现自然环境对复合材料的老化作用成为解决此问题的关键。基于时间-温度-湿度等效原理,将湿热环境下CFRP粘弹性能的改变作为材料的老化损伤度量,建立不同湿热环境之间当量折算关系,提出加速老化当量折算系数的确定方法。以典型军机结构用CFRP为例,实例计算了材料不同温度、湿度环境下的当量折算系数,根据地面停放环境谱当量折算得到加速试验谱,加速效果令人满意。最后,对比分析了温度与湿度对当量折算系数的影响,结果表明,温度变化对当量折算系数的影响要比湿度变化的影响显著。     

氮化硼纳米片作为抗原子氧腐蚀填料的应用

对氮化硼纳米片(BNNS)作为填料提高聚合物的抗原子氧腐蚀性能进行了实验研究.利用液相剥离在聚乙烯醇(PVA)水溶液中制备了稳定分散的BNNS,采用基于离心技术的尺寸筛选方法,获得了具有3种不同横向尺寸的BNNS,其平均面积分别约为21.4,4.1, 1.0 μm2.采用浇注法,将PVA/BNNS分散液原位复合成复合薄膜.原子氧腐蚀实验表明:3种 BNNS均能提高PVA的抗原子氧腐蚀性能,添加约1.0 wt%的BNNS(平均面积为21.4 μm2) 可使质量损失降低87%.BNNS对原子氧的成键和壁垒效应,是其提高抗原子氧腐蚀性能的主要原因.      

空间微波部件内二次电子累积及其与传输特性的关系

针对微放电过程中的电子累积效应,探索二次电子累积对微波部件传输特性的影响,提出二次电子累积“等效介质”的理论模型,通过将电子累积等效为“特殊介质”,从介质的角度探索电子累积对传输特性的影响,推导得到不同电子累积密度所形成不同“等效介质”的相对介电常数。仿真和计算结果表明,微放电过程中,电子累积密度从0增长至10¹⁶/m³数量级时,传输特性基本不发生变化; 但是当电子累积密度达到10¹⁷/m³数量级时,阻抗变换器的通带内回波损耗恶化了15dB;随着电子累积密度继续增大,“等效介质”对电磁波的反射迅速增强,微波部件的传输特性急剧恶化;在电子累积密度达到4×10¹⁷/m³时,电磁波在阻抗变换器中的传输处于完全截止状态。为了进一步探讨导致传输特性恶化的深层原因,发现在电子累积密度达到4×10¹⁷/m³时,在2.5~5GHz的频率范围内,电子累积形成“等效介质”的相对介电常数呈现为负值,电磁波传输截止,“等效介质”表现出单负介电常数超材料的特性,即导致阻抗变换器传输特性恶化的原因是单负介质材料的形成。研究有益于更深入地认识微放电形成过程中的深层物理机理及其对宏观电性能的影响,为寻求更加有效的抑制方法提供理论依据。     

Experimental study of an anti-icing method over an airfoil based on pulsed dielectric barrier discharge plasma

Aircraft icing has long been a plague to aviation for its serious threat to flight safety. Even though lots of methods for anti-icing have been in use or studied for quite a long time, new methods are still in great demand for both civil and military aircraft. The current study in this paper uses widely used Dielectric Barrier Discharge(DBD) plasma actuation to anti-ice on a NACA0012 airfoil model with a chord length of 53.5 cm in a closed-circuit icing wind tunnel. An actuator was installed at the leading edge of the airfoil model, and actuated by a pulsed low-temperature plasma power source. The actuator has two types of layout, a striped electrode layout and a meshy electrode layout.The ice accretion process or anti-icing process was recorded by a CCD camera and an infrared camera. Instantaneous pictures and infrared contours show that both types of DBD plasma actuators have the ability for anti-ice under a freestream velocity of 90 m/s, a static temperature of -7℃,an Median Volume droplet Diameter(MVD) of 20 lm, and an Liquid Water Content(LWC) of 0.5 g/m~3. The detected variations of temperatures with time at specific locations reveal that the temperatures oscillate for some time after spraying at first, and then tend to be nearly constant values.This shows that the key point of the anti-icing mechanism with DBD plasma actuation is to achieve a thermal equilibrium on the model surface. Besides, the power consumption in the anti-icing process was estimated in this paper by Lissajous figures measured by an oscilloscope, and it is lower than those of existing anti-icing methods. The experimental results presented in this paper indicate that the DBD plasma anti-icing method is a promising technique in the future.     

等离子体助燃对燃烧产物影响的实验

采用介质阻挡放电在燃烧实验段中产生等离子体,进行了等离子体助燃条件下丙烷/空气混合气燃烧过程影响因素及其规律的实验研究.测量了空气、丙烷/空气混合气介质阻挡放电的光谱特性,通过烟气分析仪测量燃烧产物成份,得到了燃烧产物中O₂,CO体积分数随时间的变化,研究了激励器放电电压、空气流量、丙烷流量对燃烧产物的影响.实验结果表明:等离子体助燃时,O₂和CO体积分数变化速率增大;稳定燃烧后O₂和CO体积分数小于常规燃烧的,燃烧效率提高;减小放电电压,增大空气、丙烷流量,等离子体助燃的效果减弱.      

等离子体抑制双柱绕流噪声实验研究

由于飞机起落架的很多结构可以简化为圆柱,可以通过研究等离子体抑制双柱绕流的噪声来研究等离子体抑制起落架气动噪声的可能性.实验在低速风洞中进行,来流速度分别为34、51、68和85 m/s,采用在上游圆柱体模型后半部的内外表面铺设四组等离子体激励器的方法,验证等离子体激励抑制双柱绕流气动噪声的效果.结果表明:应用等离子体主动流动控制技术,单频降噪量最大为6 dB,总声压级最大降低了3 dB,并对噪声峰值频率产生了影响,激励前的二阶频率约为390 Hz,激励后的二阶频率约为510 Hz.     

超临界机翼介质阻挡放电等离子体流动控制

为了进一步提高等离子体激励器可控雷诺数,采用测力以及粒子图像测速(PIV)等研究方法,从二维机翼到三维半模,从低雷诺数到高雷诺数,开展了对称布局式介质阻挡放电(DBD)等离子体激励器控制超临界机翼气动特性的试验研究,分析了控制机理,实现了等离子体"虚拟舵面"的功能。结果表明:在雷诺数为2×10⁶的情况下,对称布局式等离子体气动激励能较好地抑制超临界机翼绕流流场分离,使失速迎角推迟2°,最大升力系数提高8.98%。