热处理和冷变形对Ti—Ni合金非线性超弹性的影响

本文利用拉伸试验系统地研究了冷变形量、热处理工艺对Ｔｉ－４９．８％（原子分数）Ｎｉ合金非线性超弹性的影响。研究表明，不同冷变形量丝材经７２３Ｋ，０．５ｈ退火处理后，冷变形量较大的丝材（大于２０％）经一定次数的应力－应变循环处理后，可获得完全的非线性超弹性，而冷变形量较小的丝材，即使经过多次应力－应变循环处理也难以获得完全的非线性超弹性。经同一温度退火处理的不同冷变形量丝材，冷变形量越大，获得完全非     

四参数疲劳定寿方法

对直升机传动系统采用的一种疲劳定寿方法——四参数法进行了研究:首先介绍了四参数应力-循环(S-N)曲线,然后详细介绍了通过材料平均 S-N 曲线获取构件安全 S-N 曲线的步骤以及直升机传动系统四参数疲劳定寿的程序和方法,研究了定寿流程中的各个技术细节.同时介绍了传动系统机匣疲劳试验中的多路协调加载技术以及某传动系统尾减机匣(TGB)的全尺寸疲劳试验情况.最后采用四参数疲劳定寿方法,根据某传动系统尾减机匣全尺寸疲劳试验结果和飞行实测载荷谱,对尾减机匣进行了安全寿命评估.该实例分析表明:四参数疲劳定寿方法为一种有效、可靠的寿命评估方法,具有推广价值.      

涡扇发动机内外函回热分析

对吴仲华教授提出的航空涡扇发动机改为陆用输出轴功的一种最安全可靠办法-将外函空气由内函动力透平排气回热后也输出轴功,进行了基本的热力循环分析。按初步分析可知,此法宜用于函道比接近于1的总压比不太高的机组。按目前技术水平,采用此措施可以达到比“切顶”相对提高效率与功率10%左右。在我国有一定的应用前景。      

飞机除冰液对高性能混凝土抗冻性的影响

采用快冻法测定了高性能混凝土(HPC)在水、浓度为3.5%的NaCl除冰盐和3.5%-25%的乙二醇和商品飞机除冰液中的抗冻性.结果表明,乙二醇对HPC的冻融破坏与飞机除冰液的浓度有非常密切的关系,3.5%乙二醇溶液和3.5%NaCl溶液均对HPC表现出较严重的表面剥蚀,而12.5%-25%乙二醇溶液则能够延缓HPC的冻融破坏.与乙二醇化学试剂相比,浓度为25%的以丙二醇为主要成分的商品飞机除冰液对HPC相对动弹性模量的劣化程度甚至超过3.5%NaCl除冰盐.在冻融条件下,飞机除冰液主要导致HPC的表面剥蚀破坏.     

“Modular Biospheres” – New testbed platforms for public environmental education and research

This paper will review the potential of a relatively new type of testbed platform for environmental education and research because of the unique advantages resulting from their material closure and separation from the outside environment. These facilities which we term “modular biospheres”, have emerged from research centered on space life support research but offer a wider range of application. Examples of this type of facility include the Bios-3 facility in Russia, the Japanese CEEF (Closed Ecological Experiment Facility), the NASA Kennedy Space Center Breadboard facility, the Biosphere 2 Test Module and the Laboratory Biosphere. Modular biosphere facilities offer unique research and public real-time science education opportunities. Ecosystem behavior can be studied since initial state conditions can be precisely specified and tracked over different ranges of time. With material closure (apart from very small air exchange rate which can be determined), biogeochemical cycles between soil and soil microorganisms, water, plants, and atmosphere can be studied in detail. Such studies offer a major advance from studies conducted with phytotrons which because of their small size, limit the number of organisms to a very small number, and which crucially do not have a high degree of atmospheric, water and overall material closure. Modular biospheres take advantage of the unique properties of closure, as representing a distinct system “metabolism” and therefore are essentially a “mini-world”. Though relatively large in comparison with most phytotrons and ecological microcosms, which are now standard research and educational tools, modular biospheres are small enough that they can be economically reconfigured to reflect a changing research agenda. Some design elements include lighting via electric lights and/or sunlight, hydroponic or soil substrate for plants, opaque or glazed structures, and variable volume chambers or other methods to handle atmospheric pressure differences between the facility and the outside environment.     

Integration of lessons from recent research for “Earth to Mars” life support systems

Development of reliable and robust strategies for long-term life support for planetary exploration must be built from real-time experimentation to verify and improve system components. Also critical is incorporating a range of viable options to handle potential short-term life system imbalances. This paper revisits some of the conceptual framework for a Mars base prototype which has been developed by the authors along with others previously advanced (“Mars on Earth^®”) in the light of three years of experimentation in the Laboratory Biosphere, further investigation of system alternatives and the advent of other innovative engineering and agri-ecosystem approaches. Several experiments with candidate space agriculture crops have demonstrated the higher productivity possible with elevated light levels and improved environmental controls. For example, crops of sweet potatoes exceeded original Mars base prototype projections by an average of 46% (53% for best crop) ultradwarf (Apogee) wheat by 9% (23% for best crop), pinto bean by 13% (31% for best crop). These production levels, although they may be increased with further optimization of lighting regimes, environmental parameters, crop density etc. offer evidence that a soil-based system can be as productive as the hydroponic systems which have dominated space life support scenarios and research. But soil also offers distinct advantages: the capability to be created on the Moon or Mars using in situ space resources, reduces long-term reliance on consumables and imported resources, and more readily recycling and incorporating crew and crop waste products. In addition, a living soil contains a complex microbial ecosystem which helps prevent the buildup of trace gases or compounds, and thus assist with air and water purification. The atmospheric dynamics of these crops were studied in the Laboratory Biosphere adding to the database necessary for managing the mixed stands of crops essential for supplying a nutritionally adequate diet in space. This paper explores some of the challenges of small bioregenerative life support: air-sealing and facility architecture/design, balance of short-term variations of carbon dioxide and oxygen through staggered plantings, options for additional atmospheric buffers and sinks, lighting/energy efficiency engineering, crop and waste product recycling approaches, and human factor considerations in the design and operation of a Mars base. An “Earth to Mars” project, forging the ability to live sustainably in space (as on Earth) requires continued research and testing of these components and integrated subsystems; and developing a step-by-step learning process.     

Decadal variability of tropical Pacific temperature in relation to solar cycles

We use the 8-year long satellite temperature data (2002–2010) from Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) and Atmospheric Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) on the Aqua satellite to identify temperature trends in the troposphere and low stratosphere over the Niño 3.4 region of the Tropical Pacific Ocean in the most recent 11-year solar cycle. Employing more extended sea surface temperature (SST) data for five solar cycles (1950–2009) in this region we show that the satellite trends reflect a typical decrease of the sea surface temperature (SST) in the Niño 3.4 region in the declining phase of the solar cycle. The magnitude of the SST decrease depends on the solar cycle and ranges between 0.07 K/yr and 0.27 K/yr for the last five solar cycles.     

一个二次可积系统在二次保守扰动下的分支

研究了一个具有同宿轨的二次可积系统在二次保守扰动下的分支现象.此时一阶Melnikov函数恒等于零,必须考虑二阶Melnikov函数,而在一阶Melnikov函数中不起作用的扰动参数在二阶Melnikov函数中却起着非常重要的作用,因此扰动部分极为复杂.在此借助于二阶Melnikov函数的计算公式及理论分析,建立了极限环分支定理,得到了在一阶Melnikov函数恒等于零,而二阶Melnikov函数不恒等于零时,可能分支出的极限环个数最大为2的结论.     

Is there an instrumental drift in the counting rate of some high latitude neutron monitors?

For the last six decades the neutron monitors have provided a continuous string of very reliable data to the heliophysics community. Although neutron monitors are not the primary source of data for the galactic cosmic rays, these data serve as a baseline reference for the data collected by the detectors on board the satellites and deep space probes, far away from earth orbit. The pressure corrected hourly data are available from the World Data Centers. These data have been used to derive deep insights pertaining to the electromagnetic states of the heliosphere and the modes of transport of energetic charged particles in the tangled interplanetary magnetic fields. We present evidence that some of the high latitude neutron monitors are undergoing long-term drifts in their baselines. In particular, we argue that there is no physical basis to justify the observed long-term downward trend in the baseline of the South Pole neutron monitor. The real reason may have to do with its maintenance at a distant location with challenging logistics and an improper normalization of its data after the 26 months break in the 1970s.     

飞机疲劳载荷谱试验研究

介绍了在战斗机谱载作用下的30CrMnSiNi2A和LY12CZ试件的裂纹形成寿命试验,以及在运输机谱载作用下的30CrMnSiA和LY12CZ试件的裂纹扩展寿命试验。对影响疲劳寿命的主要参数,如高载截取、低载截除、载荷顺序以及不同载荷谱型对寿命的影响进行了讨论,得出了一些有重要意义的结论。