涡轮叶片榫齿部位疲劳/蠕变试验的新特点

在某型航空发动机涡轮叶片的低周疲劳试验中发现, 叶片疲劳/蠕变试验寿命高于纯疲劳试验寿命, 为探究这一现象的原因, 对此展开相关的理论计算和分析.研究表明:试验条件较好地模拟了叶片的实际工作条件, 该涡轮叶片的损伤以疲劳损伤为主, 相对于真实涡轮叶片的纯疲劳试验, 在疲劳/蠕变试验条件下, 其考核部位(榫齿)出现了较大的应力松弛, 故而使得叶片疲劳/蠕变寿命高于纯疲劳寿命.研究结果对于保证发动机安全工作、提高飞行可靠性、以及发展高温构件的疲劳试验技术有重要意义.      

空心风扇叶片高循环疲劳试验设计与验证

基于实际大涵道比航空涡扇发动机宽弦风扇叶片的结构特征,设计、加工了空心风扇叶片结构模拟件,完成了空心风扇叶片高循环疲劳试验设计,并着重对其叶身空心结构部分抗疲劳能力进行了试验验证.试验结果表明试验夹具和试验件的设计能够完成空心风扇叶片高循环疲劳考核的目的.同时,该空心风扇叶片结构叶身部分对应1×107次循环的高循环疲劳强度介于370MPa至400MPa之间,满足其在最大工作状态下疲劳强度不小于324MPa的高循环疲劳设计要求.因试验件数量相对较少,仅获得了给定应力水平下的高循环疲劳寿命数据,后续可按照该技术途径和方法流程适当增加试验件数量,以获取疲劳极限进而构建其应力-疲劳寿命曲线,为工程研制奠定基础并积累数据.      

并联TBCC可调进气道并联方案

对并联涡轮基组合循环(TBCC)可调进气道并联方案进行了归纳分析,提出了一种分类方法和两种并联方案。对4种典型并联方案在马赫数为2.5的模态转换工况进行了稳态仿真分析。结果表明:后开纯内并联方案在模态转换过程中总流量变化很小,其余3种的总流量系数随着涡轮通道的关闭都是逐渐减小的,涡轮通道流量系数逐渐降低,冲压通道升高。4种方案冲压通道流量系数在模态转换过程中均是逐渐升高的,后开纯内并联方案具有最低的冲压通道平均流量系数,变化幅度最大,其余3种方案变化幅度均较小。前开纯外并联和混合式内并联两种方案的涡轮通道出口总压恢复在模态转换过程中呈减小趋势,另外两种方案的总压恢复呈略微增大趋势,其中前开纯外并联平均总压恢复最低,而混合式内并联方案的平均总压恢复最高。      

复合材料加筋壁板多点冲击损伤和高周剪切疲劳试验

为研究多点冲击损伤和高周剪切疲劳对复合材料加筋壁板损伤演化、屈曲行为及破坏模式的影响,制作了9块相同构型的复合材料加筋壁板,设计了冲击试验、高周剪切疲劳试验和剩余剪切强度试验。在多点冲击和高周剪切疲劳试验过程中,使用超声C扫描系统监测了损伤区域。C扫描图像表明损伤区域的长度和宽度随着循环次数的增加而增加。与无预制损伤试验件相比,多点冲击损伤和高周剪切疲劳试验件的平均破坏载荷下降了约50%。冲击或疲劳形成的初始损伤对破坏模式产生影响,冲击疲劳试验件出现了局部蒙皮屈曲变形,破坏裂纹非常接近冲击点。      

组合循环发动机飞机/发动机性能一体化分析

采用飞机/发动机一体化分析方法,开展了两种典型组合循环发动机方案（方案一为涡轮/亚燃冲压/双模态超燃冲压组合发动机,方案二为涡轮/引射冲压/双模态超燃冲压组合发动机）总体性能对比研究。基于给定的马赫数为65巡航的高超声速飞行器的飞行任务需求,进行了约束分析与任务分析,优选出满足约束条件下的飞行器起飞推质比和机翼载荷,得到了相应的飞行器起飞总质量和海平面起飞推力,并进行了两种方案的对比研究。结果表明:在完成相同的飞行任务下,方案一的起飞总质量与方案二相当,前者比后者减小了26%;方案一的起飞推力比方案二高出103%;基于涡轮发动机水平,方案一和方案二分别需要采用两台海平面起飞推力为129kN和119kN量级的涡轮发动机。此外,飞行器起飞总质量随巡航距离增加而显著增加,巡航距离为4000km时,两种方案的起飞总质量将达到85t左右。      

Test sequencing problem arising at the design stage for reducing life cycle cost

Previous test sequencing algorithms only consider the execution cost of a test at the application stage. Due to the fact that the placement cost of some tests at the design stage is considerably high compared with the execution cost, the sequential diagnosis strategy obtained by previous methods is actually not optimal from the view of life cycle. In this paper, the test sequencing problem based on life cycle cost is presented. It is formulated as an optimization problem, which is non-deterministic polynomial-time hard (NP-hard). An algorithm and a strategy to improve its computational efficiency are proposed. The formulation and algorithms are tested on various simulated systems and comparisons are made with the extant test sequencing methods. Application on a pump rotational speed control (PRSC) system of a spacecraft is studied in detail. Both the simulation results and the real-world case application results suggest that the solution proposed in this paper can significantly reduce the life cycle cost of a sequential fault diagnosis strategy.     

Galactic cosmic ray modulation for sunspot cycle 23

We present a study of the galactic cosmic ray modulation for sunspot cycle 23. We use the monthly and the annual mean hourly, pressure corrected, data from neutron monitors of the global network (monthly rate is calculated as the average of the hourly pressure corrected values). We draw attention to an asymmetry in the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) recovery during odd and even cycles for the monthly mean hourly rate data. For over half a century of observations, we find that the recovery for the odd cycles is to a higher level than for the even cycles. Qualitatively the effect is ascribed to charged particle drifts in inhomogeneous interplanetary magnetic field. Even so it has not been possible to arrive at a quantitative, self-consistent, explanation in terms of drifts at higher and lower GCR rigidities. We also study the rigidity dependence of the amplitude of 11-year modulation over a wide range (1–200 GV) of GCR spectrum; it is a power law in rigidity with an exponent −1.22. We discuss the implication of these findings on quasi-linear diffusion theories of modulation. We reflect on GCR recovery pattern for 2006–2009.     

Accuracy of IRI profiles of ionospheric density and temperatures derived from comparisons to Kharkov incoherent scatter radar measurements

The incoherent scatter radar (ISR) facility in Kharkov, Ukraine (49.6°N, 36.3°E) measures vertical profiles of electron density, electron and ion temperature, and ion composition of the ionospheric plasma up to 1100 km altitude. Acquired measurements constitute an accurate ionospheric reference dataset for validation of the variety of models and alternative measurement techniques. We describe preliminary results of comparing the Kharkov ISR profiles to the international reference ionosphere (IRI), an empirical model recognized for its reliable representation of the monthly-median climatology of the density and temperature profiles during quiet-time conditions, with certain extensions to the storm times. We limited our comparison to only quiet geomagnetic conditions during the autumnal equinoxes of 2007 and 2008. Overall, we observe good qualitative agreement between model and data both in time and with altitude. Magnitude-wise, the measured and modeled electron density and plasma temperatures profiles appear different. We discovered that representation accuracy improves significantly when IRI is driven by observed-averaged values of the solar activity index rather than their predictions. This result motivated us to study IRI performance throughout protracted solar minimum of the 24th cycle. The paper summarizes our observations and recommendations for optimal use of the IRI.     

Comparative study of foF2 measurements with IRI-2007 model predictions during extended solar minimum

The unusually deep and extended solar minimum of cycle 23/24 made it very difficult to predict the solar indices 1 or 2 years into the future. Most of the predictions were proven wrong by the actual observed indices. IRI gets its solar, magnetic, and ionospheric indices from an indices file that is updated twice a year. In recent years, due to the unusual solar minimum, predictions had to be corrected downward with every new indices update. In this paper we analyse how much the uncertainties in the predictability of solar activity indices affect the IRI outcome and how the IRI values calculated with predicted and observed indices compared to the actual measurements. Monthly median values of F2 layer critical frequency (foF2) derived from the ionosonde measurements at the mid-latitude ionospheric station Juliusruh were compared with the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2007) model predictions. The analysis found that IRI provides reliable results that compare well with actual measurements, when the definite (observed and adjusted) indices of solar activity are used, while IRI values based on earlier predictions of these indices noticeably overestimated the measurements during the solar minimum. One of the principal objectives of this paper is to direct attention of IRI users to update their solar activity indices files regularly. Use of an older index file can lead to serious IRI overestimations of F-region electron density during the recent extended solar minimum.     

复合预冷吸气式火箭发动机热力循环分析

采用热力学第一定律分析法分析了复合预冷吸气式火箭发动机(SABRE)的基本热力过程,得出了吸气模式和火箭模式下的理想循环功和热效率表达式,确定了影响发动机理想热力循环性能的特征参数。结果表明:吸气模式下SABRE核心机采用布雷顿循环,压气机的增压比和循环增温比是影响理想热力循环性能的关键参数;火箭模式下SABRE采用火箭发动机循环,喷管降压比和出口排气速度是影响理想热力循环性能的关键参数。氦气仅仅在发动机内通过换热器换热实现能量在各循环子系统之间的输运,而其本身并无变化,不对发动机的理想循环功和热效率产生影响。