O2 evolution and cyclic electron flow around photosystem I in long-term ground batch culture of Euglena gracilis

Based on the purpose of better exploring the function of green producers in the closed aquatic biological life support system, the condition of dynamic O₂ evolution and performance of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I (CEF-PSI) in long-term ground batch culture of Euglena gracilis were studied, the relationship between linear electron flow (LEF) and CEF-PSI was revealed, the function of CEF-PSI was investigated. Excellent consistency in O₂ evolution pattern was observed in cultures grown in both closed and open containers, O₂ evolution was strictly suppressed in phase 1, but the rate of it increased significantly in phase 2. CEF-PSI was proposed to be active during the whole course of cultivation, even in the declining phase 3, it still operated at the extent of 47–55%. It is suggested that the relationship between LEF and CEF-PSI is not only competition but also reciprocity. CEF-PSI was proposed to contribute to the considerable growth in phase 1; it was also suggested to play an important protective role against photosystem II (PSII) photoinhibition at the greatly enhanced level (approximately 80–95%) on the 2nd day. Our results in this research suggest that E. gracilis had very particular photosynthetic characteristics, the strict O₂ evolution suppression in the initial culture phase might be a special light acclimation behavior, and CEF-PSI could be an important mechanism involved in this kind of adaptation to the changeable light environment.     

Cross-hemisphere comparison of mid-latitude ionospheric variability during 1996–2009: Juliusruh vs. Hobart

Analysis of a long-time series of hourly median characteristics of the ionospheric plasma at two mid-latitude locations in the Northern and Southern hemisphere, Juliusruh (54.6N; 13.4E) and Hobart (42.9S; 147.3E), reveals patterns of their synchronous and independent variability. We studied timelines of GPS vTEC, ionogram-derived F2-layer peak electron density NmF2, ionospheric equivalent slab thickness τ, and their ratios at two locations during the complete 23rd solar cycle and its following period of the extremely low solar activity in 2008–2009. This study has also involved the comparative analysis of the observed data versus the model predictions by IRI-2012. During the high solar activity in 2000–2002, seasonal variations show a complicated cross-hemisphere behavior influenced by the winter and semi-annual anomalies, with the largest noon-time values of TEC and NmF2 observed around equinoxes. Strength of the winter anomaly in NmF2 was significantly greater at Juliusruh in comparison with Hobart. The winter anomaly in GPS vTEC values was much weaker than in NmF2 for the Northern hemisphere mid-latitudes and was entirely absent at the Southern hemisphere. Cross-hemisphere analysis of the equivalent slab thickness shows its clear seasonal dependence for all levels of solar activity: the day-time maximum τ_max is observed during local summer, whereas the day-time minimum τ_min is observed during local winter. The night-time values of τ were higher compared to the day-time values during the winter and equinox seasons. Comparative model-data study shows rather good IRI performance of the day-time NmF2 for mid-latitudes of both hemispheres and rather noticeable overestimations for the mid-night NmF2 values during high solar activity. Analysis of IRI vTEC demonstrates the model limitations, related with the absence of the plasmaspheric part, and actual demand in a reliable and standard ionosphere–plasmasphere model for analysis of GPS vTEC.     

500t级液氧煤油补燃发动机起动过程仿真研究

500t级液氧煤油补燃发动机是我国首台采用双推力室方案、自身分级起动方式的重型液体火箭发动机。结合重型发动机特点建立了描述发动机起动过程的数学模型,通过数值仿真分析了影响发动机起动特性的主要因素,确定了发动机的起动方案。研究结果表明：液氧主阀和发生器燃料阀打开时差应确保发生器点火在氧头腔充满后进行;流量调节器的转初级起始时间应早于推力室建压时间;燃料节流阀转大流量应在发动机起动受控段进行。     

未来航空燃料原料可持续性研究

运用全生命周期评价方法,评价未来航空燃料原料可持续性。以传统石油基航空燃料为基准,分析未来8种航空燃料原料（煤、天然气、能源藻、麻疯树、大豆、棕榈、油菜籽及亚麻荠）的可持续性。评价路径包括原料阶段、燃料阶段和应用阶段。原料阶段考虑基础设施消耗,燃料阶段考虑因电能消耗嵌套引起的碳排放。评价指标不仅包括能量、化石能源、水资源消耗和温室气体（GHG）排放,而且包括了环境污染雾霾中的主要成分PM10和PM2.5排放。本文为选择航空替代燃料原料来源提供理论和技术基础。结果表明,在原料阶段,生物基温室气体排放相比石油基均降低,其中大豆油碳减排最明显,麻疯树基航空燃料PM10和PM2.5排放量大,因在种植过程中加入大量化肥。在燃料阶段,煤基费托过程能量消耗大,碳排放高。通过全生命周期分析,煤基费托温室气体排放高,大豆温室气体排放较低,其次是能源藻。在不与人争粮,不与粮争地的前提下、不占用耕地的能源藻具有可持续大规模制备航空替代燃料的应用前景。      

摩擦力作用下电液伺服系统非线性动力学行为

以电液伺服系统为研究对象,重点探究了非线性摩擦力对系统动态特征的影响规律.根据非线性动力学原理,建立了电液伺服系统的非线性动力学模型.通过理论研究,指出非线性摩擦力作用可以用Van Der Pol方程描述.通过数值试验分析,揭示了系统内在的分岔现象及典型非线性动力学行为.用非线性动力学研究方法对实测的电液伺服系统的动态数据进行了深入分析,揭示了摩擦力引起的“极限环型振荡”现象.发现摩擦力的非线性作用会引起电液伺服系统在工作过程中发生非线性振动,其对系统动态特征的影响不容忽视,在系统建模与动态特性研究时应该将摩擦力的非线性作用考虑在内.      

利用TDLAS技术评估火箭基组合循环发动机试验性能

针对宽范围工作的火箭基组合循环（RBCC）发动机推力、比冲和燃烧效率等性能难以通过关键参数的实时测量直接计算的问题,提出利用可调谐二极管激光器吸收光谱（TDLAS）技术实现发动机燃气温度、H2O组分浓度和速度多参数同时实时在线非接触式激光光谱测量方法,搭建用于RBCC地面试验性能分析的时分复用-扫描波长TDLAS系统。通过试验获得的(7444.352+7444.371)/7185.597cm -1 谱线附近吸收光谱,从而得到燃气温度、H2O组分浓度和速度参数,并结合数值模拟方法确定的流场参数纵向分布,实现基于关键参数在线测量的发动机性能直接计算。该方法有助于评判燃烧组织和结构改变对发动机性能的影响。     

一种双流路变几何涡轮基组合循环进气道的设计与仿真

针对涡轮基组合循环(TBCC)发动机宽速域的工作需求,提出了一种外并联双流路的变几何进气道方案.通过转动涡轮和亚燃通道的唇罩前缘,可对进气道的捕获高度进行调节,并可实现模态切换;通过亚燃通道下壁面的多连杆机构,可对进气道的内收缩比进行调节,以实现进气道在宽马赫数范围的高效工作.通过对该进气道进行CFD数值模拟,获得了其流动和工作特性,并与定几何进气道方案进行了对比分析.研究结果表明:该变几何进气道具较宽的工作马赫数范围,且具有良好气动性能.与定几何方案相比,该变几何进气道在来流马赫数Ma为2.5,3.0,4.0时的总压恢复系数分别高出了12.5%,30.2%,133.3%.      

补燃循环发动机强迫起动过程

以补燃循环液氧煤油发动机系统为研究对象,对其强迫起动特性进行了研究.建立了描述补燃循环发动机瞬变过程的数学模型,提出了求解推进剂供应管路瞬变流控制方程的Chebyshev伪谱方法.采用新的面向对象仿真语言Modelica,建立了可扩展的发动机仿真模型库,在MWorks平台上,利用模型库搭建了补燃循环液氧煤油发动机仿真模型.对发动机强迫起动过程进行了仿真计算,计算结果与试车数据基本相符,其中稳态相对误差小于4%,动态相对误差小于10%,初步验证了模型的正确性.进一步分析了火药起动器工作时间、阀门打开时序等因素对发动机起动过程的影响.结果表明,为保证该发动机可靠起动,发生器点火应在氧化剂头腔充填完成后,火药起动器工作时间应持续到发生器点火.      

三床型机载制氧系统控制设计与实验验证

为解决两床型机载制氧系统在实际应用过程中出现的输出压力波动大及低空氧浓度偏高等问题,需研制与开发三床型机载制氧系统。为此,依据系统控制逻辑,采用电磁阀驱动电控气动阀循环工作的控制模式,开展了三床型机载制氧系统的控制设计,提出了高低空分段调节循环周期的控制方法,并在不同输入压力、流量条件下,对三床型机载制氧系统进行了循环周期实验,探索了产品气氧浓度随循环周期时间的变化规律。研究结果表明:当采用高空循环周期为6 s,低空循环周期为9 s,高低空分段高度为3.5 km等控制参数时,系统控制设计可适用于三床型机载制氧系统,并满足三床型机载制氧系统控制设计的需求。      

RBCC引射模态DAB模式二次燃烧数值研究

对火箭基组合循环(RBCC)引射模态煤油燃料扩散后体燃烧(DAB)模式二次燃烧过程进行了数值研究。研究中使用了简单快速单步不可逆化学反应模型、三维非结构网格有限体积方法和k-ε湍流模型。结果发现引入DAB燃烧后,可以提高系统推力性能,但在地面静止自由引射状态未发现推力正增益;二次燃料喷嘴处于二次燃烧室的后部将更加有利于提高燃烧效率。