The entropy in groups – a clue to galaxy formation

The entropy in the hot X-ray gas in groups of galaxies is a fossil of the process of galaxy formation The amount of entropy in these low mass systems considerably exceeds that predicted from structure formation models. To explain these results requires “extra” energy which is a relic of the process of star formation and active galaxy heating. We present new XMM results on the entropy and entropy profiles. These results are inconsistent with pre-heating scenarios which have been developed to explain the entropy floor in groups but are broadly consistent with models of structure formation which include the effects of heating and/or the cooling of the gas. The total entropy in these systems provides a strong constraint on all models of galaxy and group formation, and on the poorly defined feedback process which controls the transformation of gas into stars and thus the formation of structure in the universe.     

Essential features of long-term changes of areas and diameters of sunspot groups in solar activity cycles 12–24

We analyze the Greenwich catalog data on areas of sunspot groups of last thirteen solar cycles. Various parameters of sunspots are considered, namely: average monthly smoothed areas, maximum area for each year and equivalent diameters of groups of sunspots. The first parameter shows an exceptional power of the 19th cycle of solar activity, which appears here more contrastively than in the numbers of spots (that is, in Wolf’s numbers). It was found that in the maximum areas of sunspot groups for a year there is a unique phenomenon: a short and high jump in the 18th cycle (in 1946–1947) that has no analogues in other cycles. We also studied the integral distributions for equivalent diameters and found the following: (a) the average value of the index of power-law approximation is 5.4 for the last 13 cycles and (b) there is reliable evidence of Hale's double cycle (about 44?years). Since this indicator reflects the dispersion of sunspot group diameters, the results obtained show that the convective zone of the Sun generates embryos of active regions in different statistical regimes which change with a cycle of about 44?years.     

基于MA技术的民航机组人员指派问题研究

为合理地指派民航飞行机组,根据机组所执行的勤务均衡理论,将机组指派分成机组生成和人员指派两部分完成.满足机组要求的飞行员生成一个飞行机组,同时将满足机型要求的机组安排到勤务中,通过多智能体(Multi-agent,MA)协同调度技术构成机组指派系统,实验证明并行调度技术在机组指派问题中能有效解决各个机组的勤务平衡问题,从而合理高效地进行机组指派.     

含炔基酚醛树脂的合成与表征

研究了普通Novolac线性酚醛、氨催化resol型酚醛的炔丙基化树脂的简便合成;采用FTIR、 HNMR、GPC等表征了其分子结构;研究影响热固化过程的因素(分子量、炔基含量、羟甲基含量)和典型树 脂的固化动力学。黏度测定、DMA、TGA等分析结果表明该类树脂具有良好的工艺性,100℃的黏度不超过 400mPa·s;树脂可以在200～250℃进行热固化;热固化物耐热性比传统酚醛树脂有明显改进,DMA表明树 脂固化物具有高达370℃的玻璃化温度,TGA则表明其初始热分解温度在400℃以上;XRD结果表明树脂固 化物的碳化物是典型的玻璃碳。     

光——一种特殊的建筑材料

本文主要根据光在当代建筑艺术的应用,探讨光这种特殊的材料的特点及其作用,以期唤起人们对光材料的重新认识和重视,并主动合理地把它运用到建筑设计中去.     

复合材料结构系统的可靠性分析方法

 <正> This paper presents a full quantity loading method for reliability analysis of composite structural systems in consideration of degradation of the structural Stiffness. According to the value of utilization ratios of members, critical members can be found out. The way of composing the critical members in groups is used to enumerate and identify significant failure modes. Some kinds of principles of deletion and mergence of failure modes are adopted. Some illustrative examples show that the method is vety efficient, especially for large scale composite structural system.     

在飞行中女飞行员的机组配合

安全是民航飞行永恒的主题。作为安全最直接的保障者和消灭事故的最后防线是飞行员,他们肩负着巨大的压力。保证安全不只是某个飞行员的责任,而是整个机组的责任。只有在科学高效的机组配合条件下,才能充分发挥整个机组的潜力,最大限度地保障飞行安全。飞行员一直是男性占主体,随着民航、军航女性飞行员的加入和成长,飞行机组的配合方式有所改变,这里主要探讨飞机飞行过程中女性飞行员加入以后机组配合的特点,及如何在实际中提高异性机组配合能力。     

以学生为中心的英语教学模式下教师发挥作用的途径

本文主要从理论和实践的层面，论述以学生为中心的英语教学模式，教师发挥怎样的作用及发挥作用的主要途径。     

The dark matter halo structure of “fossil” groups candidates

We investigated properties of four isolated giant elliptical galaxies with extended X-ray halo using ASCA data. The derived size of X-ray halo, X-ray luminosity, and gravitational mass of the dark halo are unusually large those of X-ray halo of a single galaxy, but are typical for X-ray halos of groups and poor clusters of galaxies. The measured temperatures and abundances of the X-ray halo gas in these galaxies are also similar to those of the groups and poor clusters. Based on these results we identified these galaxies as “isolated X-ray overluminous elliptical galaxy” (IOLEG). The radial profiles of dark halo in these objects were derived from X-ray data. It is found that some are similar to those of compact groups while others are the same as those of normal ellipticals. The dark halos of lOLEGs are thus indistinguishable from those of groups (and poor clusters), which appears to be consistent with a widely believed idea that lOLEGs are a product of dynamical evolution of a compact group. However, mass-to-light ratios of IOLEGs (M₂₀₀/L_B  100–1000) are far greater than those of Hickson compact groups M₂₀₀/L_B  40–60). Since it is hard to consider that total optical luminosity of a compact group decreases by an order of magnitude in the course of dynamical evolution, such difference in the observed mass-to-light ratio between IOLEGs and Hickson compact groups strongly suggests that most IOLEGs have not evolved from compact groups which are observed at present.     

工程图多媒体课件的制作经验与技巧

制图多媒体课件是制图课程教学改革的一项重要途径，而多媒体课件制作的方法和水平直接影响着授课的教学效果，本文则根据制图课程自身的内容体系以及每部分具体内容结构要求的不同特点，对其制作的方法和技巧做一定的介绍，从而为制图课的多媒体教学提供一些经验，以促进工程图在多媒体教学方面的发展。