基于正交实验设计的螺旋通道变流器水动力性能数值分析

变流器是螺旋通道磁流体推进器推进通道中重要的水力部件之一,变流器的设计影响着推进器的水力性能和推进性能。提出了基于四阶贝塞尔曲线的螺旋通道变流器三维建模方法,明确了变流器的结构参数;采用正交实验设计方法,选用五因素四水平正交设计表基于CFD方法分析了变流器结构参数对螺旋通道水动力学性能的影响及其变化规律。分析结果表明螺旋通道导流器会大幅减小水力损失,整流器会增加水力损失,但能提高整流效果。分析结果可以为螺旋通道磁流体推进器的水力优化及推进性能提升提供有意义的指导作用。     

八面体桁架结构在内冷通道中的流动传热特性研究

为探究八面体桁架结构在航空发动机热端部件内冷通道中的可应用性,掌握八面体桁架结构的流动传热特性,本文采用理论推导和三维数值模拟的方法,对八面体桁架单体的有效导热系数以及八面体桁架阵列结构的流动结构和传热性能开展了研究。首先,针对八面体桁架单体结构,推导出了考虑节点效应的有效导热系数关系式,并通过与数值计算结果对比,验证了其有效性。其次,针对八面体桁架阵列结构,开展了整体结构的三维数值计算,分析了其内部通道的流动结构和温度分布,获得了不同结构的流动阻力和对流传热系数随雷诺数的变化规律。最后,考虑到结构的综合传热性能,本文针对不同孔隙率的八面体桁架阵列结构,进行了基于相同泵功率下努塞尔数的对比。根据计算结果,本文给出了获得最佳传热性能的无量纲直径范围0.07~0.08,相应的孔隙率变化范围 0.872~0.841。分析其原因,由于随着结构孔隙率的减小,即固体率的增加,对流传热强度不断提高,然而,当孔隙率减小到84.1%以下时,由于内通道中流动阻力骤然增大,导致传热效率降低。将八面体桁架结构应用于航空发动机热端部件内冷通道中,是同时出于高效冷却和力学性能的考虑,本文掌握八面体桁架阵列结构的流动传热特性,为其在实际工程中的应用提供了理论支撑。     

月面着陆动力下降段最优轨迹序列凸优化方法

针对月面着陆器动力下降制导过程中,时变惯性加速度和重力加速度难以估计与补偿等问题,提出一种基于序列凸优化的在线制导算法。在考虑月面曲率及月球自转的着陆器动力学建模基础上,首先对模型及约束条件进行凸化,得到一个二阶锥规划(SOCP)问题;然后对经典序列凸优化进行了改进,对时变加速度剖面予以实时估计和补偿,提升了现有优化算法的性能,使着陆器在尽可能节约燃料的前提下实现高精度着陆。仿真结果表明,与经典的显式制导律相比,所提出的算法在动力下降段燃料消耗更少。由多种位置偏差下的打靶分析结果可知,所提出的算法均能满足性能指标要求;即使起始位置存在±2500 m的较大波动时,仍能以高精度的速度、位置完成动力下降制导。     

ArcGIS中基于 DEM提取沟道特征

以陕西省延安市大南沟小流域5 m分辨率DEM数据为基础,利用ArcGIS9.3的grid模块平台提取研究区的沟道特征。在对原始地形数据进行填洼预处理后,生成河道沟系走向栅格数据、流域汇水面积栅格数据;然后,设定合适的临界汇水面积值提取出河道沟系;最后,对河道沟系进行分级。结果显示,提取出的沟道系统与实际基本吻合。     

明渠恒定均匀流试验中尾门的影响范围

利用PIV测量了明渠恒定均匀流中离尾门（活页式及闸板式）不同距离的9条断面中垂线的流速分布,分析了尾门对中垂线时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺应力及能谱特征的影响范围。对比活页式和闸板式两种尾门的差异可以发现,闸板尾门对时均流速的影响要明显大于活页尾门,而对于脉动强度、雷诺应力和能谱特征的影响,二者差异可以忽略。对于时均流速,在距离50h后两种尾门的影响均小于1.0%;对于纵向紊动强度、垂向紊动强度及雷诺应力,以4.0%、4.0%、10.0%作为衡量标准,尾门的影响距离分别为35h、25h、30h;对于纵、垂向能谱特征参数k50,以偏差值15.0%、6.0%作为标准,尾门的影响距离分别为35h和40h。     

竖直楔形流道的单气泡上升过程的实验研究

通过实验对竖直楔形流道内单气泡上升过程的行为特性进行了研究。利用高速摄影设备和计算机图像处理技术准确地追踪了气泡上升过程中运动轨迹和形态的变化。通过对气泡上升过程中旋转角、瞬时速度、瞬时加速度等参数的分析,找到了楔形流道内气泡上升过程的运动规律,并且通过推导获得了气泡上升过程中拽力系数的计算公式。     

一个新非线性方程组解的存在性定理

作为微积分中连续函数介值定理在n维欧氏空间Rn中的推广,G.Aumann建立了一个定义于n维矩形上非线性方程组解的存在性定理,J.Rohn利用Brouwer不动点定理,把定理推广到定义域为紧凸集的情形。利用Brouwer拓扑度理论,证明定理中凸性条件进一步减弱为星形区域时,其结论仍然成立。     

计算域大小对大涡模拟计算结果的影响

为了节省计算资源,提升计算效率,在保证计算结果准确的前提下,尽可能选取较小的计算域显得尤为重要。针对该问题,分别沿槽道的展向和流向选取不同的计算尺度(053πδ×2δ×0177πδ、πδ×2δ×05πδ、2πδ×2δ×πδ、3πδ×2δ×15πδ,δ为槽高的一半),在相同的计算条件且设置均满足大涡模拟计算要求的前提下,对摩擦雷诺数为540和930两种摩擦雷诺数下计算域大小对大涡模拟数值计算结果的影响进行了研究。结果发现:计算尺度不小于2πδ×2δ×πδ的计算域能很好的呈现湍流计算结果。此外,在摩擦雷诺数为930时,相同计算域下所能检测的范围均有所提升,得到的计算结果更加准确。     

A New Exposed-terminal-free MAC Protocol for Multi-hop Wireless Networks

This article presents a new multichannel medium access control (MAC) protocol to solve the exposed-terminal (ET) problem for efficient channel sharing in multi-hop wireless networks. It uses request-to-send and clear-to-send (RTS/CTS) dialogue on a common channel and flexibly opts for conflict-free traffic channels to carry out the data packet transmission on the basis of a new channel selection scheme. The acknowledgment (ACK) packet for the data packet transmission is sent back to the sender over another common channel thus completely eliminating the exposed-terminal effects. Any adjacent communication pair can take full advantage of multiple traffic channels without collision and the spatial reuse of the same channel is extended to other communication pairs which are even within 2 hops from them. In addition, the hidden-terminal effect is also considerably reduced because most of possible packet collisions on a single channel are avoided due to traffic load balance on multichannels. Finally, a performance comparison is made between the proposed protocol and other typical MAC protocols. Simulation results evidence its obvious superiority to the MAC protocols associated with other channel selection schemes and traditional ACK transmission scheme as well as cooperative asynchronous multichannel MAC (CAM-MAC) protocol in terms of four performance indices: total channel utilization, average channel utilization, average packet delay, and packet dropping rate.     

Molecular analysis of the graviperception signal transduction in the flagellate Euglena gracilis: Involvement of a transient receptor potential-like channel and a calmodulin

Euglena gracilis, a unicellular, photosynthetic flagellate is a model system for environmentally controlled behavior responses. The organism shows pronounced negative gravitaxis. This movement is based on physiological mechanisms, which in the past had been only indirectly assessed. It was shown that mechano-sensitive calcium channels are involved in the gravitaxis response. Recent studies have demonstrated that members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family function as mechano-sensitive channels in several different cell types. We have sequenced part of a TRP gene in Euglena and applied RNA interference (RNAi) to confirm that these channels are involved in graviperception. It was found that RNAi against the putative TRP channel abolished gravitaxis. The genes of three calmodulins were sequences in Euglena, one of which was previously known in its protein structure (cal 1). The other two were unknown (cal 2 and cal 3). Cal 2 has been analyzed in detail. The biosynthesis of the corresponding proteins of cal 1 and cal 2 was inhibited by means of RNA interference to see whether this blockage impairs gravitaxis. RNAi of cal 1 leads to a long-term loss of free swimming in the cells (while euglenoid movement persists). It induced pronounced cell form aberrations and the division of cells was hampered. After recovery from RNAi the cell showed precise negative gravitaxis again. Thus cal 1 does not seem to be involved in gravitaxis. In contrast, the blockage of cal 2 has no pronounced influence on motility and cell form but leads to a complete loss of gravitactic orientation for more than 30 days showing that this calmodulin is an element in the signal transduction chain. The data are discussed in the context of the current model of the gravitaxis signal transduction chain in Euglena gracilis.