A new parameter to define interplanetary coronal mass ejections

The interplanetary manifestations of coronal mass ejections, ICMEs, have many signatures in the solar wind but none of these signatures in the velocity, density, temperature, magnetic field, plasma composition or energetic particles uniquely and unambiguously identifies the occurrence of an ICME. Different investigators identify different events when confronted with the same data. Herein, we present a single physical parameter that combines information from multiple plasma components and that holds the promise of defining a beginning and an end of the region of influence ICME and an indication of the location of the encounter with the ICME relative to its central meridian. This parameter is the total plasma pressure perpendicular to the magnetic field, consisting of the sum of the magnetic pressure and plasma kinetic or thermal pressure. It provides a vehicle for classifying the nature of the ICME encounter and, in many cases, provides an unambiguous start and stop time of the event. However, it does not provide a start and stop time for any embedded flux rope. This identification depends on examination of the magnetic field.     

神舟3号飞船上太阳辐射测量

2002年3月至9月间，用3台太阳辐照度绝对辐射计(SIAR)组装的太阳常数监测器在神舟3号飞船轨道舱上测量了太阳辐照度．改进了SIAR辐射计的锥腔结构，把电加热丝埋在薄锥腔壁中间，提高了绝对精度．采用了用宽视场辐射计飞船在轨运动中太阳扫过其视场期间进行测量的方法，测量值与美国EOS上ACRIM Ⅲ测量数据的最大偏差在0．2％以内．     

Force-free magnetic field in a cylindrical flux rope without a constant alpha

It is generally assumed that magnetic fields inside interplanetary magnetic clouds and flux ropes in the solar photosphere are force-free. In order to model such fields, the solution of rot B = B is commonly used where  = const. But comparisons of this solutions with observations show significant difference. To treat this problem,we examine the solutions with .     

尖前缘一体化高温热管启动性能计算分析

针对尖前缘高温热管工程设计与启动性能评估需求,基于描述碱金属高温热管启动过程的“温度锋面”模型,建立了一种用于分析不规则外形且承受非均匀瞬态气动加热的一体化尖前缘高温热管启动性能工程计算方法。该方法结合尖前缘气动加热环境分布特点进行计算节点划分,采用热管基本理论和局部能量守恒原理计算热管温度分布及“温度锋面”位置,实现尖前缘热管启动过程的理论预测。同时,采用均匀受热圆柱热管和尖前缘一体化热管启动试验结果对计算方法进行了验证。最后针对某尖前缘一体化高温热管结构在气动加热环境下的启动性能进行计算分析,提出了减小尖前缘高温热管启动时间的可能方法和措施：尖前缘高温热管启动后等温性良好,通过控制热管总长、壳体厚度、工质充装量等设计参数或调整热管初始温度可进一步缩短热管启动时间。     

射流孔交错偏置排布下的楔形凹表面对流换热数值研究

通过三维数值模拟的方法研究了射流孔交错偏置排布下的楔形凹表面对流换热,在射流孔偏置间距比（L/d）为0~2.5、射流孔距凹腔前缘间距比（H/d）为6~12、射流冲击雷诺数（Re）为10000~28000的研究参数下,研究结果表明射流孔交错偏置排布在凹腔中诱导复杂的涡流,对应于射流冲击驻点区的局部表面传热系数得到增强;相对于直线排布的射流孔,小射流孔交错偏距比能够使得凹腔前缘附近沿弦向的展向平均努塞尔数相对射流孔直线排布方式有所改善,随着射流孔交错偏距比增加,沿弦向的展向平均努塞尔数最大值所对应的弦向位置逐渐向凹腔前缘下游迁移.为了在保持凹腔前缘对流换热能力不受到显著削弱的前提下,改善凹腔前缘附近的射流冲击对流换热能力,射流孔交错偏距比宜选择在1倍射流孔直径左右.      

航天器再入大气层热力分析

以OREX（orbital reentry experiment vehicle）的飞行试验数据和相关的CFD数值模拟结果为基础,采用传热理论及相关公式,分析计算了OREX再入大气层过程中的轨迹,驻点处热流密度非平衡假设和平衡假设下的换热问题.所计算的轨迹、热流密度非平衡假设下计算的驻点温度和热流密度值同试验数据及相关的CFD数值结果取得了很好的一致,相应的计算方法可作为航天器驻点热力分析的通式.然而在平衡假设条件下,尽管计算所得到的驻点热流密度与之前的CFD数值结果差别不大,但这种情况下计算得到的温度与试验数据不符,这应归结于计算的热流密度结果对驻点处温度变化的不敏感.比较非平衡假设和平衡假设下的换热计算结果表明,对于航天器再入过程中的热力探讨不能仅仅满足于热流密度分析,对温度的考察或许更重要.      

涡轮叶栅端壁二次流动与换热的V2F模拟

针对低展弦比涡轮叶栅端壁区亚声速流动及换热,采用基于线性涡黏假设的V2F模型开展了数值模拟.结果表明：涡轮叶栅流动中存在马蹄涡、通道涡、压力侧角涡、吸力侧角涡等多种复杂涡系结构,其中马蹄涡与通道涡是涡轮叶栅二次损失的主要来源.端壁换热与马蹄涡及通道涡强度及位置直接相关,并呈现明显的分区特征.端壁极限流线结果显示,V2F模型模拟的端壁单马蹄涡分离线与实验结果吻合,优于SST （shear stress transport）k-ω模型模拟的端壁双马蹄涡分离线.V2F模型引入了新的湍流尺度,在马蹄涡及通道涡位置、端壁静压损失系数分布、叶栅出口总压损失分布及端壁Standon数分布等方面均与实验结果吻合较好,对叶栅气动损失及端壁换热有良好的预测能力.     

Ground experimental investigations into an ejected spray cooling system for space closed-loop application

Spray cooling has proved its superior heat transfer performance in removing high heat flux for ground applications.However,the dissipation of vapor–liquid mixture from the heat surface and the closed-loop circulation of the coolant are two challenges in reduced or zero gravity space environments.In this paper,an ejected spray cooling system for space closed-loop application was proposed and the negative pressure in the ejected condenser chamber was applied to sucking the two-phase mixture from the spray chamber.Its ground experimental setup was built and experimental investigations on the smooth circle heat surface with a diameter of 5 mm were conducted with distilled water as the coolant spraying from a nozzle of 0.51 mm orifice diameter at the inlet temperatures of 69.2 °C and 78.2 °C under the conditions of heat flux ranging from 69.76 W/cm~2 to 311.45 W/cm~2,volume flow through the spray nozzle varying from 11.22 L/h to 15.76 L/h.Work performance of the spray nozzle and heat transfer performance of the spray cooling system were analyzed;results show that this ejected spray cooling system has a good heat transfer performance and provides valid foundation for space closed-loop application in the near future.     

U形管内含水航空燃油流动及换热特性数值模拟

为探究航空发动机燃油管路内流动及换热特性,建立发动机外部U形燃油管路含水燃油离散相模型（DPM）进行数值模 拟。结果表明：体积含水率（≤10%）越高,U形管全管段的压降梯度越大,换热系数越高;流动分离、迪恩涡、离心力作用和油水两 相相互作用导致流动阻力增大,是弯管段压降梯度明显大于一般直管的主要原因。不同流量条件下：迪恩涡引起的燃油横向输运 和二次流流速分布对弯管段的周向换热不均现象影响较大,弯管内、外侧的换热系数大小关系可以根据弯管段迪恩数判定。环境 温度不变,流量越大,U形管全管段压降越高,沿程换热系数越大,且含水率越高,流量对压降梯度的影响越明显;流量不变,环境 温度越低,U形管全管段压降越高,沿程换热系数越小。     

空间对接机构太阳外热流的计算与分析

根据空间对接机构的结构特点,在简化物理模型的基础上,用太阳窗口和蒙特卡洛(MC)法计算不同空间位置、不同轨道高度、不同表面辐射特性的机构内部构件太阳辐射外热流,并给出了相应的计算流程。分析了飞行角β和表面辐射特性等因素对太阳热流的影响。研究结果对对接机构以及其他复杂系统的热控涂层选择有一定的参考价值。