组织管理的系统思维

系统是由相互关联的元素组成的整体。系统思维(Systems Thinking)是一种以整体观点观察事物的方式。基于工程原理和法则的定量化模型方法在管理领域的应用,因为人的动机和行为的复杂性而受到了限制。综合集成是具有系统思维的管理者对现实问题的不同诠释,是认识和解决管理复杂性问题的有效方法。     

Earth observation from space – The issue of environmental sustainability

Remote sensing scientists work under assumptions that should not be taken for granted and should, therefore, be challenged. These assumptions include the following:1. Space, especially Low Earth Orbit (LEO), will always be available to governmental and commercial space entities that launch Earth remote sensing missions.2. Space launches are benign with respect to environmental impacts.3. Minimization of Type 1 error, which provides increased confidence in the experimental outcome, is the best way to assess the significance of environmental change.4. Large-area remote sensing investigations, i.e. national, continental, global studies, are best done from space.5. National space missions should trump international, cooperative space missions to ensure national control and distribution of the data products.At best, all of these points are arguable, and in some cases, they're wrong. Development of observational space systems that are compatible with sustainability principles should be a primary concern when Earth remote sensing space systems are envisioned, designed, and launched. The discussion is based on the hypothesis that reducing the environmental impacts of the data acquisition step, which is at the very beginning of the information stream leading to decision and action, will enhance coherence in the information stream and strengthen the capacity of measurement processes to meet their stated functional goal, i.e. sustainable management of Earth resources. We suggest that unconventional points of view should be adopted and when appropriate, remedial measures considered that could help to reduce the environmental footprint of space remote sensing and of Earth observation and monitoring systems in general. This article discusses these five assumptions in the context of sustainable management of Earth's resources. Taking each assumption in turn, we find the following:(1) Space debris may limit access to Low Earth Orbit over the next decades.(2) Relatively speaking, given that they're rare event, space launches may be benign, but study is merited on upper stratospheric and exospheric layers given the chemical activity associated with rocket combustion by-products.(3) Minimization of Type II error should be considered in situations where minimization of Type I error greatly hampers or precludes our ability to correct the environmental condition being studied.(4) In certain situations, airborne collects may be less expensive and more environmentally benign, and comparative studies should be done to determine which path is wisest.(5) International cooperation and data sharing will reduce instrument and launch costs and mission redundancy. Given fiscal concerns of most of the major space agencies – e.g. NASA, ESA, CNES – it seems prudent to combine resources.     

考虑桩与地基土共同承载的复合桩基受力性能分析

复合桩基是考虑桩与承台底地基土共同承载的一种桩基础形式,在沿海地区得到了广泛的应用.本文建立了竖向荷载作用下的复合桩基的有限元模型,分析了承载过程中的受力性能,并揭示了桩距对桩土分担比的影响规律.     

SACMA和QMW试验方法对复合材料层合板低速冲击后压缩行为的影响

采用了 SACMA标准和一种小试样试验方法对复合材料层合板低速冲击后的压缩 (CAI)行为进行试验研究 ,从层合板的冲击损伤分布、冲击后压缩破坏过程 ,以及层合板的准静态横向压缩、开孔后压缩等多方面进行对比 ,结果表明 ,这两种试验方法存在很大差别 ,试验方法不同 ,层合板低速冲击后的压缩行为也不同 ;采用 SACMA标准所测得的低速冲击后压缩强度更能全面反映基体韧性的优劣。作为 CAI试验标准 ,小试样试验方法还有待改进     

复合材料飞机结构损伤容限特性

 复合材料用于飞机结构已有10多年的历史,由于复合材料的特点,必须重新研究原来适用于金属结构的损伤容限设计的一系列规范、手册和数据在复合材料结构中的适用性。本文介绍了欧美各国在复合材料飞机结构损伤容限特性方面的研究概况,并且从对有关规范的补充说明、缺陷性质和验证标准、飞机结构损伤容限评定方法、分析方法和设计方法等几个方面进行了综述。     

失谐周期压电复合材料结构中的波动局部化研究

考虑力电耦合效应的影响,研究了层状失谐周期压电复合材料结构中的波动局部化问题。根据界面上力电连续条件,推导了结构中相邻单胞间的传递矩阵。以力场和电场变量为状态向量,给出了结构中局部化因子的表达式。作为算例,计算了结构中的波动局部化因子。计算结果表明,压电陶瓷的压电效应对周期压电复合材料的波动局部化特性有显著影响,压电常数越大局部化因子值越大,结构的局部化程度越强;结构的失谐度越大,频率通带区间内的局部化因子值越大,局部化程度越强。分析结果对于周期压电复合材料结构的优化设计和振动控制具有理论参考价值。     

98RK电子压力扫描系统在NH-1风洞中的应用

美国PSI公司开发的98RK电子压力扫描系统作为一种高速高精度多用途的自动测量仪器,在风洞试验中具有很高的使用价值。本文介绍了该系统的结构性能和在NH—l风洞中的应用。     

C/SiC-W复合材料的制备与表征

采用化学气相渗透(CVI)结合溶液浸渍法制备C/SiC-W多元基复合材料,利用XRD和SEM对材料的物相组成及微观结构进行表征,并对制备过程的反应机理进行初步探讨.结果表明,W在复合材料中成颗粒团聚状,它不仅能渗入到复合材料的纤维束间,还渗入到纤维束内.制得C/SiC-W复合材料的密度为4.1g/cm3,开气孔率为12%.     

不对称铺层复合材料制造工艺探讨

采用不对称铺层复合材料对直升机等飞行器的结构减重具有重要意义.本文对不对称铺层复合材料层压板的变形控制方法进行了初步研究,通过调整固化工艺参数和采用反变形模具来减小变形量.研究表明,通过降低固化温度可以在一定程度上减小变形量,采用反变形模具可以较有效地控制不对称层压板变形,但可能会带来扭曲等问题,其适用范围尚需进行进一步的研究.     

先进复合材料格栅结构制造工艺技术的研究进展

介绍了复合材料格栅结构的特点及发展现状,并回顾了传统复合材料成型工艺方法和格栅结构的早期制造方法。另外,介绍2种新型的格栅结构加工方法,即混合加工法、膨胀模块加工法以及改进的格栅结构:互锁复合材料格栅结构、加套管的槽形连接格栅结构和TR IG结构;并分别说明了每种结构的优点。其中重点介绍了混合加工法并从理论上推导其可行性。最后总结了复合材料格栅结构制造工艺的发展趋势。