全三维、多叶排内外涵风扇压气机叶型优化研究

以某风扇/压气机为研究对象,采用全三维叶型优化方法对研究对象在整机条件下进行优化设计.对优化前后风扇/压气机进行全三维数值模拟并对计算结果进行对比分析研究,结果表明:优化后在不改变风扇级总压比的情况下设计点附近效率提高1.05%;在近设计点叶型改进后明显改善了风扇和外涵静子主流道的流场结构,根、尖两个截面流场显示采用新叶型后对内、外涵静子通道内流动均有不同程度的改善.      

某系列发动机压气机转子叶片技术寿命研究

提出了1种基于"叶片剩余振动疲劳强度储备"概念的寿命预估法.在大量的计算分析和试验基础上,综合考虑叶片低循环疲劳寿命、稳态应力、构件的实际疲劳强度衰减规律、实测振动应力等因素,并结合外场使用情况,对压气机转子叶片进行了寿命综合评估.该方法已应用在某系列发动机压气机转子叶片技术寿命研究中,对压气机转子叶片寿命的研究而言是一次有益的探索.     

扩压叶栅角区-吸力面造型设计及流动控制机理

通过数值模拟,分别针对扩压叶栅的设计工况与角区失速工况进行叶身/端壁融合与吸力面优化造型设计,分析其流场结构与性能的变化,并探究两种优化造型对压气机性能改善的机理。优化结果表明:在设计工况下,优化造型吸力面凹陷,使得吸力面附面层厚度变薄,最大端壁融合位置靠近尾缘,角区低能流体在压力梯度的作用下转移并减少,分离结构得到明显控制,损失降低;在角区失速工况下,优化造型吸力面凸起,最大端壁融合位置靠近前缘,使得前缘分离结构显著减弱,当流体在进入吸力面前缘时提前附着,前缘分离区减小甚至消失,损失降低。根据两种造型流场结构特点与控制机理,可构造出在多工况下具有显著作用的叶身-端壁融合造型。     

Performance assessment of real-time multi-GNSS integrated PPP with uncombined and ionospheric-free combined observables

For precise position services, the real-time precise point positioning (PPP) is a promising technology. The real-time PPP performance is expected to be improved by multi-system combination. The performance of real-time multi-system PPP needs to be periodically investigated, with the increasing number of available satellites and the continuously improved quality of real-time precise products of satellite clocks and orbits. In this study, a comprehensive performance assessment is conducted for the four-system integrated real-time PPP (FSIRT-PPP) with GPS, BDS, Galileo and GLONASS in both static and kinematic modes. The datasets from 118 stations spanning approximately a month are used for analysis, and the real-time stream CLK93 is employed. The superior performance of FSIRT-PPP is validated by comparing with the results of GPS/BDS, GPS/Galileo, GPS/GLONASS, GPS-only, BDS-only, Galileo-only and GLONASS-only cases. The FSIRT-PPP using ionospheric-free (IF) combined observables can achieve a convergence time of 10.9, 4.8 and 11.8 min and a positioning accuracy of 0.4, 0.5 and 0.7 cm in the static mode in the east, north and up directions, respectively, while the derived statistic is 15.4, 7.0 and 16.4 min, and 1.6, 1.2 and 3.4 cm in the kinematic mode in the three directions, respectively. Moreover, we also compare the position solutions of real-time PPP adopting IF combined and uncombined (UC) observables, and prove the mathematical equivalence between the two PPP models in the converged stage, provided that there are no external ionospheric corrections or constraints given to the estimated ionospheric delays in the UC model. The difference between the fully converged positioning accuracy of IF-based and UC-based real-time PPP is marginal, but the UC-based real-time PPP has longer convergence time due to the influence of the significant unmodeled time-varying errors in the real-time precise products as well as the different parameterization between them. For completeness, the real-time kinematic PPP results in harsh environments and the post-processed PPP results are also presented.     

基于成本考虑的天地往返技术途径分析

采用能量分析方法,对天地往返成本的影响因素进行了分析。重点对入轨方式、发射方法和动力系统等因素进行了分析。提出了未来天地往返运输技术的研究设想。     

Tightly combined GPS/Galileo RTK for short and long baselines: Model and performance analysis

To ensure the compatibility and interoperability with modernized GPS, Galileo satellites are capable of broadcasting navigation signals on carrier phase frequencies that overlap with GPS, i.e., GPS/Galileo L1-E1/L5-E5a. Moreover, the GPS/Galileo L2-E5b signals have different frequencies with wavelength differences smaller than 4.2?mm. Such overlapping and narrowly spaced signals between GPS and Galileo bring the opportunity to use the tightly combined double-differenced (DD) model for precise real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning, resulting in improved performance of ambiguity resolution and positioning with respect to the classical standard or loosely combined DD model. In this paper, we focus on the model and performance assessment of tightly combined GPS/Galileo L1-E1/L2-E5b/L5-E5a RTK for short and long baselines. We first investigate the tightly combined GPS/Galileo DD observational model for both short and long baselines with simultaneously considering the GPS/Galileo overlapping and non-overlapping frequencies. Particularly, we introduce a reparameterization approach to solve the rank deficiency that caused by the correlation between the DISB parameters and the DD ionospheric parameters for both overlapping and non-overlapping frequencies. Then we present performance assessment for the tightly combined GPS/Galileo RTK model with real-time estimation of the differential inter-system bias (DISB) parameters for short and long baselines in terms of ratio value, ambiguity dilution of precision (ADOP), ambiguity conditional number, decorrelation number, search count, empirical success rate, time-to-first-fix (TTFF), and positioning accuracy. Results from both static and kinematic experiments demonstrated that compared to the loosely combined model, the tightly combined model can deliver improved performance of ambiguity resolution and precise positioning with different satellite visibility. For the car-driven short baseline experiment with 10° elevation cut-off angle, the tightly combined model can not only significantly increase the ratio value by approximately 27.5% (from 16.0 to 20.4), but also reduce the ambiguity ADOP, the conditional number, and the search count in LAMBDA by approximately 22.2% (from 0.027 to 0.021 cycles), 14.9% (from 199.2 to 169.6), and 25.4% (from 150.1 to 112.0), respectively. Comparable decorrelation number, empirical success rate, and positioning accuracy are also obtained. For the car-driven long baseline experiment, it is also observed that the ambiguity resolution performance in terms of the ratio value, the decorrelation number, the condition number, and the search count are significantly improved by approximately 18.5% (from 2.7 to 3.2), 22.0% (from 0.186 to 0.227), 55.9% (from 937.6 to 413.7), and 10.3% (from 43.8 to 39.3), respectively. Moreover, comparable ADOP, empirical success rate, and positioning accuracy are obtained as well. Additionally, the TTFF can be reduced (from 54.1 to 51.8 epochs with 10° elevation cut-off angle) as well from the results of static experiments.     

Quasi-steady flow model of slot-type casing treatments I ： modeling method and validation

为降低对槽道式处理机匣流动进行模拟的计算量,特别地,为了提供一种可用于处理机匣工程设计的快速评估手段,基于对带有槽道式处理机匣的压气机非定常流动物理的理解,提出了一种处理机匣的准定常流动模型,并利用带有处理机匣的跨声压气机转子实验测量结果,以及非定常数值模拟结果对所提出的模型进行了验证.结果表明：处理机匣流动模型很好地预测了由于采用处理机匣所取得的转子失速裕度的提高,并且与非定常模拟结果比较,流动模型对转子主流以及处理机匣内部流动模拟的准确性也能得到保证.采用处理机匣流动模型所需的计算量仅约为非定常模拟的1%,这保证了提出的模型可用于快速评估槽道式处理机匣的气动特性,从而为其工程优化设计提供了有效的手段.     

Experimental Study of Corner Stall in a Linear Compressor Cascade

In order to gain a better knowledge of the mechanisms and to calibrate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools including both Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and large eddy simulation (LES),a detailed and accurate experimental study of corner stall in a linear compressor cascade has been carried out.Data are taken at a Reynolds number of 382 000 based on blade chord and inlet velocity.At first,inlet flow boundary layer is surveyed using hot-wire anemometry.Then in order to investigate the effects of incidence,measurements are acquired at five incidences,including static pressures on both blade and endwall surfaces measured by pressure taps and the total pressure losses of outlet flow measured by a five-hole pressure probe.The maximum losses as well as the extent of losses of the corner stall are presented as a function of the investigated incidences.     

Effect of bent inlet pipe on the flow instability behavior of centrifugal compressors

Bent inlet pipes are often used in centrifugal compressors due to limited installation space, and an understanding of the effect on compressor stability is essential for safety and durability. This paper firstly investigates flow instability behaviors in two compressors, one with a straight inlet pipe and the other with an S-shaped bent pipe. In detail, it analyzes the resulting flow fields, instability evolution paths and surge boundaries. The results show that the S-shaped pipe obviously affects the flow field at high mass flow rates, while reverse flow mainly influences the flow field at low mass flow rates. Reverse flow first occurs at certain flow passages with a high pressure difference that is predominantly decided by the volute rather than the S-shaped bent pipe. In addition, centrifugal compressors can tolerate reverse flow to some extent so that surge would not occur immediately if reverse flow occurs unless the reverse flow region extends circumferentially and radially to a sufficiently large size. Since the S-shaped pipe is not dominant in the creation and extension of reverse flow, it does not exacerbate the stability of the central compressor to a great extent. Last but not least, the S-shaped pipe is noted to delay the occurrence of surge at 90% rotating speed, which suggests the possibility of improving compressor stability with bent inlet pipes. This result differs from the conventional understanding that inlet distortion usually deteriorates compressor stability and emphasizes the particularity of centrifugal compressors.     

Blade bowing effects on radial equilibrium of inlet flow in axial compressor cascades

The circumferentially averaged equation of the inlet flow radial equilibrium in axial compressor was deduced.It indicates that the blade inlet radial pressure gradient is closely related to the radial component of the circumferential fluctuation (CF) source item.Several simplified cascades with/without aerodynamic loading were numerically studied to investigate the effects of blade bowing on the inlet flow radial equilibrium.A data reduction program was conducted to obtain the CF source from three-dimensional (3D) simulation results.Flow parameters at the passage inlet were focused on and each term in the radial equilibrium equation was discussed quantitatively.Results indicate that the inviscid blade force is the inducement of the inlet CF due to geometrical asymmetry.Blade bowing induces variation of the inlet CF,thus changes the radial pressure gradient and leads to flow migration before leading edge (LE) in the cascades.Positive bowing drives the inlet flow to migrate from end walls to mid-span and negative bowing turns it to the reverse direction to build a new equilibrium.In addition,comparative studies indicate that the inlet Mach number and blade loading can efficiently impact the effectiveness of blade bowing on radial equilibrium in compressor design.