Impact Cratering Theory and Modeling for the Deep Impact Mission: From Mission Planning to Data Analysis

The cratering event produced by the Deep Impact mission is a unique experimental opportunity, beyond the capability of Earth-based laboratories with regard to the impacting energy, target material, space environment, and extremely low-gravity field. Consequently, impact cratering theory and modeling play an important role in this mission, from initial inception to final data analysis. Experimentally derived impact cratering scaling laws provide us with our best estimates for the crater diameter, depth, and formation time: critical in the mission planning stage for producing the flight plan and instrument specifications. Cratering theory has strongly influenced the impactor design, producing a probe that should produce the largest possible crater on the surface of Tempel 1 under a wide range of scenarios. Numerical hydrocode modeling allows us to estimate the volume and thermodynamic characteristics of the material vaporized in the early stages of the impact. Hydrocode modeling will also aid us in understanding the observed crater excavation process, especially in the area of impacts into porous materials. Finally, experimentally derived ejecta scaling laws and modeling provide us with a means to predict and analyze the observed behavior of the material launched from the comet during crater excavation, and may provide us with a unique means of estimating the magnitude of the comet’s gravity field and by extension the mass and density of comet Tempel 1.     

10°尖锥气动特性边界层转捩诱导量的测定研究

本文用风洞实验的方法在国内外首次测出了１０°尖锥气动特性的转捩诱导量，包括转捩诱导法向力及其作用点，转捩诱导俯仰力矩和尖锥压心的转捩诱导量。研究结果表明，这些转捩诱导量随Ｒｅ数的变化趋势合理，具有确定的规律性。研究认为，这些转捩诱导量产生的原因是细长锥边界层转捩的不对称性。利用这些结果，可以很好地解释边界层转捩何以对细长锥的气动静稳定性和气动稳定性产生极为显著的影响以及静、动稳定性转捩诱导量之间的相关现象。此外，这个研究结果还有助于证明边界层转捩将影响物面的压力分布。本研究是在Ｍ＝５，α＝０°的流场中完成的，实验的Ｒｅ数范围为ＲｅＬ＝２．８×１０６～１３．８×１０６。     

球形弹丸高速撞击航天器防护结构的数值模拟分析

给出了空间碎片超高速撞击航天器双层防护结构模型，采用非线性有限元方法中的光滑粒子流体动力算法，计算了球形弹丸对航天器双层防护墙结构超高速撞击过程，获得了弹丸穿过第一层防护墙后，碎裂形成颗粒云团及其对第二层防护墙的损伤效应。计算结果表明多层防护墙结构能够有效地缓减高速空间碎片对航天器的破坏作用。     

Assessing the Impact Risk of Orbital Debris on Space Tethers

Tethers are being proposed for a growing number of space applications. However, they may be particularly vulnerable to orbital debris and meteoroid impacts. In order to provide useful reference data for tether systems design, detailed analytical and numerical computations were carried out to assess the average impact rate of artificial debris and meteoroids. The specific geometric properties of tethers as debris targets, when compared to typical satellites, are discussed, and the results obtained are presented in tabular form, as a function of debris size and tether diameter.The computations were carried out for six circular orbits, spanning three altitudes (600, 800 and 1000km) and two inclinations (30° and 50°). Tether diameters in between 1mm and 2cm and debris larger than 0.1mm were considered in the analysis. The collision risk of tethers with spacecraft and upper stages in orbit was estimated as well.In the debris interval and orbital regimes considered, artificial debris represent the dominant contributor to the impact rate. At 600km and in the 0.1–10mm size range, the meteoroid and orbital debris impact rates are still comparable; however, at higher altitudes and in the 1–10cm size range, meteoroids contribute 20–30 times less to the collision probability.The results obtained confirm that for single-strand tethers in low Earth orbit the probability to be severed by orbital debris and meteoroid impacts is quite significant, making necessary the adoption of innovative designs for long duration missions.     

基于MCMC方法的运输类飞机鸟撞冲击能量研究

鸟撞冲击能量是运输类飞机结构安全设计和鸟撞适航条款制定的重要基础,目前我国运输类飞机鸟撞相关研究都是参照FAA中的鸟撞冲击能量标准要求,并没有考虑我国的自然环境等特点.针对这一问题,运用马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛(Markov Chain Monte Carlo,MCMC)估计方法,采用Gibbs抽样原理,在贝叶斯理论的框架下,对我国运输类飞机鸟撞冲击能量开展了研究,在小样本条件下对鸟撞冲击能量概率分布进行估算,为后续鸟撞安全性分析提供了重要基础.     

直射式气动雾化喷嘴对燃烧室性能的影响

为了深入分析燃油喷嘴对燃气轮机燃烧室性能的影响，针对燃气轮机燃烧室中的直射式气动雾化喷嘴开展了数值模 拟，获得了气流流量、燃油流量和气液比对雾化性能的影响规律，喷嘴的雾化性能参数包括雾化粒径和雾化锥角。结果表明：气液 比和气流流量对该型喷嘴的雾化性能有显著影响，燃油流量对雾化性能的影响较小；气液两相间相对速度是影响该型喷嘴雾化性 能的决定因素，相对速度增大有利于减小雾化粒径，并增大雾化锥角；气流流量和气液比的增大均有利于雾化粒径的减小，燃油流 量的增加将使雾化粒径增大；增大气流流量、气液比和减小燃油流量均可使雾化锥角增大；该型喷嘴的雾化锥角变化范围为 30.12°～41.24°，雾化粒径变化范围为131.46～ 186.52 μm。喷嘴可实现在较小的雾化锥角变化范围内获得较宽的雾化粒径变化， 以此匹配燃气轮机燃烧室不同工作状态，具有较高的实用价值。     

烧蚀滞后效应引起的钝锥滚转力矩

当有迎角钝锥相对于风坐标转动时，由于烧蚀滞后效应将产生滚转力矩。本文基于适当的力学模型和近似分析导出了该滚转力矩系数的解析表达式，表明该系数与α２ｓｉｎε成正比。根据结果得到的系数模数的量级是１０－６。文中还分析了它与各主要物理量的关系。     

超高速撞击中靶后碎片云的内外边界方程研究

研究超高速撞击防护靶形成的碎片云的形状模型对航天器防护结构设计具有重要意义。文章用数值仿真的方法研究靶后碎片云的内外边界模型:将碎片云根据其材料来源分为靶板碎片云和弹丸碎片云,分别根据各碎片云的分布特点建立碎片云形状的内外边界方程;在双纽线边界方程的基础上,修正为由双纽线方程和圆弧方程组成的边界方程。对比整体碎片云的适用率表明,由双纽线方程和圆弧方程组成的边界方程比单一的双纽线边界方程描述碎片云实际分布更为贴合。     

湿滑道面飞机轮胎临界滑水速度计算方法比较

以美国国家航空航天局(NASA)临界滑水速度计算公式为基础,基于耦合欧拉-拉格朗日(CEL)算法建立动流场冲击原地转动轮胎分析模型,并由NASA公式及试验数据验证了模型的正确性及NASA公式在重轴载高胎压范围的适用性。进而考虑实际道面积水状态,建立滚动轮胎冲击静流场模型,探讨实际积水状态对临界滑水速度的影响。通过两类模型对比分析得出:两类模型的轮胎-水膜相互作用机理不同,相同速度和胎压下,后者在轮胎前缘形成的动水压强峰值明显高于前者,表明滚动轮胎冲击静流场模型中轮胎受到动水压强抬升作用更为显著,且相同速度条件下,滚动轮胎冲击静流场分析模型计算的竖向支撑力和临界滑水速度始终低于动流场冲击滚动轮胎的结果,表明该模型计算结果偏于安全,更适用于飞机高速滑行中轮胎-水膜相互作用分析。据此,提出了基于道面积水状态的临界滑水速度计算公式。     

等效冲击方法研究硬质颗粒对玻璃的冲击损伤

提出了一种等效冲击方法来评价和研究硬质颗粒对脆性材料的冲击损伤。采用自由落体冲击钠钙玻璃试件来模拟小球的高速冲击并取得了令人信服的结果。确定了裂纹起始的临界冲击力。研究结果表明，当冲击物和靶材料的接触面积不变，相等的冲击动能将产生完全相似的损伤效果。在相等动能的前提下，四种不同重量的锤头冲击在玻璃试件上产生出了相同的冲击力、相同的裂纹和残余强度。