连续多试样纳米金刚石膜沉积设备及工艺

首先对热丝化学气相沉积(Chem ica l vapor depos ition,CVD)系统进行改造,设计了在真空室外对室内试样进行操纵的机械手系统和储料台,实现了一次热丝碳化后完成多个不同工艺条件下试样的连续沉积。有限元仿真研究结果表明,多衬底温度场比较均匀,适合于金刚石膜的生长。最后,采用改进沉积系统,在A r-CH4-H2气氛中,在多晶钼衬底上成功制备了纳米金刚石薄膜。R am an,XRD和AFM等结果表明,制备的金刚石纯度较高,晶粒大小在30 nm左右,表面光滑。     

化学清洗剂处理镀铬废水实验研究

本试验旨在研究N2 H4 ·H2 O、NaHSO3、N2 H4 ·H2 O—NaHSO3混合液以及添加辅助剂的N2 H4 ·H2 O—NaH SO3混合液在处理电镀铬废水中的效能。结果表明 ,应用这些化学清洗剂可以处理镀铬废液 ,实现了电镀铬水槽边循环并形成了含铬废水处理与电镀生产工艺融为一体的新工艺。这种新技术改变了传统的电镀含铬废水先污染后治理的未端治理工艺 ,没有增加环保投资 ,可以获得明显的经济效益与环境效益     

基于稳健设计的FDM工艺参数优化(英文)

在一系列成形试验的基础上,分析了熔融沉积成形(Fused deposition modeling,FDM)工艺对制件精度影响因素,选择线宽补偿、挤出速度、填充速度和层厚4个工艺参数作为控制因子,采用稳健设计和多指标模糊综合评判的方法对FDM工艺参数进行优化。优化结果表明,4个工艺参数对制件精度影响程度不同,不仅每个参数本身需要优化,参数之间的相互匹配也必须满足一定关系,这样才能达到最佳组合,制造出较高精度的零件。     

加力燃烧室用气冷喷油杆结焦特性数值研究

为阐明实际工作环境参数下气冷喷油杆内燃油结焦速率与沉积厚度等特性,建立沿喷杆轴向的一维非稳态热-流-固耦合换热与燃油结焦计算模型,获得了喷杆壁面与燃油温度、结焦速率与相对结焦厚度等参数沿程分布。分析了燃油进口温度和质量流量对燃油结焦特性的影响,并与无气冷喷杆方案结果进行了对比。计算结果表明:燃油温度沿轴向逐渐升高,喷杆壁温在底端达到峰值。基准工况下气冷喷杆结焦速率和结焦厚度均沿轴向先升高后降低。结焦速率最大为26μg/(cm2·h),对应相对结焦沉积厚度0.6%。无气冷喷杆方案,在喷杆前端和底部各存在一结焦峰值区域。结焦速率峰值分别为398μg/(cm2·h)和807μg/(cm2·h),对应相对结焦沉积厚度8%和15%。固定燃油进口流量,随着燃油进口温度升高,结焦速率显著增大,喷杆内结焦总质量呈指数级增长趋势。固定燃油进口温度,进口流量越大,结焦速率略有增大,结焦总质量仅呈线性增长趋势。相较于无气冷喷杆,气冷喷杆可显著降低喷杆壁面与燃油温度,从而大幅抑制结焦生成。     

不同几何结构对燃油喷嘴热防护特性的影响

试验研究了不同管路结构对燃油结焦性能的影响,结果表明,在1 000 K、150 m/s来流条件和400 K、05 m/s燃油条件下,减小弯管角度和突扩管路的突扩尺寸可以降低结焦附着,且在对管路加热的初始阶段中,结焦量随时间增加会出现波动,在加热15 min时管壁结焦量达到最大,壁面上部分结焦的脱落使结焦量降低。随后,采用试验与数值模拟相结合的方法研究了喷嘴和喷嘴帽罩结构对热防护特性的影响。结果表明,主、副油路同心布置的喷嘴具有最好的热防护效果,在所试验工况下最高可降低湿壁温度近50%,甚至优于带空气隔热层的模型。而喷嘴帽罩对喷嘴出口油温的降低有限,但减小帽罩与喷嘴体的接触或在接触面处填充低热导率的材料仍是有效的改进措施,可降低出口油温约5 K。研究结果对喷嘴的热防护设计具有指导作用。     

离解组分复合对超燃尾喷管性能的影响

采用13组分33步反应的H2/Air化学动力学模型,对超燃冲压发动机尾喷管化学非平衡流动和冻结流动进行数值模拟.计算表明,离解组分的复合现象存在于超燃冲压发动机尾喷管内流动中,并对尾喷管性能产生影响.随飞行马赫数的增加,离解组分复合现象更显著,对尾喷管性能产生的影响也越大.在飞行马赫数为8.0的计算工况下,化学非平衡流动模型计算所得尾喷管性能与冻结流动模型相比高出约2％,该条件下忽略NO2,H202等组分以简化化学反应机理,对尾喷管性能计算结果的影响甚微.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of hybrid fabricated 1Cr12Ni2WMoVNb steel by laser melting deposition

 Laser melting deposition was carried out to deposit a 1Cr12Ni2WMoVNb steel bar on a wrought bar of same material. Room-temperature tensile properties of the hybrid fabricated 1Cr12Ni2WMoVNb steel sample were evaluated, and microstructure, fracture surface morphology, and hardness profile were analyzed by an optical microscope (OM), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and a hardness tester. Results show that the hybrid fabricated 1Cr12Ni2WMoVNb steel sample consists of laser deposited zone, wrought substrate zone, and heat affected zone (HAZ) of the wrought substrate. The laser deposited zone has coarse columnar prior austenite grains and fine well-aligned dendritic structure, while the HAZ of the wrought substrate has equiaxed prior austenite grains which are notably finer than those in the wrought substrate zone. Besides, austenitic transformation mechanism of the HAZ of the wrought substrate is different from that of the laser deposited zone during the reheating period of the laser deposition, which determines the different prior austenite grain morphologies of the two zones. Microhardness values of both the laser deposited zone and the HAZ of the wrought substrate are higher than that of the wrought substrate zone. Tensile properties of the hybrid fabricated 1Cr12Ni2WMoVNb steel sample are comparable to those of the wrought bar, and fracture occurs in the wrought substrate zone during the tensile test.     

Estimation of vertically integrated water vapor in Hungary using MODIS imagery

Information about the amount and spatial structure of atmospheric water vapor is essential in understanding meteorology and the Earth environment. Space-borne remote sensing offers a relatively inexpensive method to estimate atmospheric water vapor in the form of integrated water vapor (IWV). The research activity reported in the present paper is based on the data acquired by the HRPT/MODIS (High Resolution Picture Transmission, MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) receiving station established in Budapest (Hungary) by the Space Research Group of the Eötvös Loránd University. Integrated water vapor is estimated by the remotely sensed data of the MODIS instrument with different methods and also by the operational numerical weather prediction model of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Radiosonde data are used to evaluate the accuracy of the different IWV fields though it has been pointed out that the in situ data also suffers from uncertainties. It was found that both the MODIS and the ECMWF based fields are of good accuracy. The satellite data represent finer scale spatial structures while the ECMWF data have a relatively poor spatial resolution. The high quality IWV fields have proved to be useful for radiative transfer studies such as the atmospheric correction of other satellite data from times different than the overpass times of satellites Terra/Aqua and the forecast times of the model data. For this purpose the temporal variability of IWV is scrutinized both using ECMWF and MODIS data. Taking advantage of Terra and Aqua overpasses, the mean rate of change of IWV estimated by the near infrared method was found to be 0.47 ± 0.45 kg m⁻² h⁻¹, while it was 0.13 ± 0.65 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ based on the infrared method. The numerical weather prediction model’s analysis data estimated −0.01 ± 0.13 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ for the mean growth rate, while using forecast data it was 0.24 ± 0.18 kg m⁻² h⁻¹. MODIS data should be used when available for the estimation of the IWV in other studies. If no satellite data are available, or available data are only from one overpass, ECMWF based IWV can be used. In this case the analysis fields (or the satellite field) should be used for temporal extrapolation but the rate of change should be calculated from the forecast data due to its higher temporal resolution.     

Thermospheric neutral density response to solar forcing

Recent measurements by the Solar EUV (Extreme Ultra Violet) Experiment (SEE) aboard the Thermosphere–Ionosphere–Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite (TIMED) provide solar EUV spectral irradiance with adequate spectral and temporal resolution, and thus the opportunity to use solar measurements directly in upper atmospheric general circulation models. Thermospheric neutral density is simulated with the NCAR Thermosphere–Ionosphere–Electrodynamic General Circulation Model (TIEGCM) using TIMED/SEE measurements and using the EUVAC solar proxy model. Neutral density is also calculated using the NRLMSISE-00 empirical model. These modeled densities are then compared to density measurements derived from satellite drag data. It is found that using measured solar irradiance in the general circulation model can improve density calculations compared to using the solar proxy model. It is also found that the general circulation model can improve upon the empirical model in simulating geomagnetic storm effects and the solar cycle variation of neutral density.     

Preliminary evidence for drizzle in the middle cloud layer of Venus

Vertical trajectory data from the VEGA 1 and 2 balloon flights in the atmosphere of Venus is re-analyzed. A previously employed helium leak rate profile invoked to entirely account for the decrease in equilibrium float altitude of VEGA 2 is questioned and deemed ad hoc. As an alternative, it is proposed that both VEGA 1 and 2 experienced in-flight mass increases due to the deposition of cloud particles onto their envelopes, as well as losing helium at a reduced rate consistent with the pre-flight prediction. Particle deposition rates are estimated and found to be compatible with this alternative scenario. Possible evidence for drizzle is also presented. Preliminary experiments to derive aerosol deposition rate on a flat plate and the maximum feasible liquid mass that may be accumulated on a near-spherical envelope are briefly described. Further experimental work is recommended to constrain the deposition efficiency values involved and the maximum feasible drizzle fluxes that could have been encountered by both VEGA 1 and 2.