磁力研磨法去除燃油喷嘴积碳的试验研究

针对燃油喷嘴大修再制造中积碳难去除的问题。利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析喷嘴表面积碳的微观形貌和成分组成，为磁力研磨技术去除积碳方法的确定和工艺研究奠定基础。从旋转磁场的产生原理、磁针在磁场中受力和磁针在磁场中运动三方面综合分析了磁力研磨法的材料去除机理。采用电磁研磨装置对喷嘴进行积碳去除试验，运用响应面分析法分析旋转磁场转速、磁针的型号尺寸和研磨时间的交互作用对材料去除量和表面粗糙度的影响规律，确定试验的最佳工艺参数。最优的工艺参数为：磁针型号尺寸Ø0.8 mm×5 mm，旋转磁场转速1 000 r/min，研磨时间40 min。通过微观形貌的观测以及表面应力检测分析，综合评价研磨后的喷嘴表面质量。结果表明，研磨后的喷嘴表面积碳基本去除，表面光滑，残余应力明显下降，金相组织完好。经过专业测试，研磨后的残余积碳小于技术要求规定值。采用磁力研磨技术，可以有效去除燃油喷嘴表面积碳，去除效率高，技术环保，满足绿色再制造的要求。     

Novel active driven drop tower facility for microgravity experiments investigating production technologies on the example of substrate-free additive manufacturing

Through the striving of humanity into space, new production processes and technologies for the use under microgravity will be essential in the future. Production of objects in space demands for new processes, like additive manufacturing. This paper presents the concept and the realization for a new machine to investigate microgravity production processes on earth. The machine is based on linear long stator drives and a vacuum chamber carrying up to 1000?kg. For the first time high repetition rate and associated low experimental costs can provide basic research. The paper also introduces the substrate-free additive manufacturing as a future research topic and one of our primary application.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of hybrid fabricated 1Cr12Ni2WMoVNb steel by laser melting deposition

 Laser melting deposition was carried out to deposit a 1Cr12Ni2WMoVNb steel bar on a wrought bar of same material. Room-temperature tensile properties of the hybrid fabricated 1Cr12Ni2WMoVNb steel sample were evaluated, and microstructure, fracture surface morphology, and hardness profile were analyzed by an optical microscope (OM), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and a hardness tester. Results show that the hybrid fabricated 1Cr12Ni2WMoVNb steel sample consists of laser deposited zone, wrought substrate zone, and heat affected zone (HAZ) of the wrought substrate. The laser deposited zone has coarse columnar prior austenite grains and fine well-aligned dendritic structure, while the HAZ of the wrought substrate has equiaxed prior austenite grains which are notably finer than those in the wrought substrate zone. Besides, austenitic transformation mechanism of the HAZ of the wrought substrate is different from that of the laser deposited zone during the reheating period of the laser deposition, which determines the different prior austenite grain morphologies of the two zones. Microhardness values of both the laser deposited zone and the HAZ of the wrought substrate are higher than that of the wrought substrate zone. Tensile properties of the hybrid fabricated 1Cr12Ni2WMoVNb steel sample are comparable to those of the wrought bar, and fracture occurs in the wrought substrate zone during the tensile test.     

Thermospheric neutral density response to solar forcing

Recent measurements by the Solar EUV (Extreme Ultra Violet) Experiment (SEE) aboard the Thermosphere–Ionosphere–Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite (TIMED) provide solar EUV spectral irradiance with adequate spectral and temporal resolution, and thus the opportunity to use solar measurements directly in upper atmospheric general circulation models. Thermospheric neutral density is simulated with the NCAR Thermosphere–Ionosphere–Electrodynamic General Circulation Model (TIEGCM) using TIMED/SEE measurements and using the EUVAC solar proxy model. Neutral density is also calculated using the NRLMSISE-00 empirical model. These modeled densities are then compared to density measurements derived from satellite drag data. It is found that using measured solar irradiance in the general circulation model can improve density calculations compared to using the solar proxy model. It is also found that the general circulation model can improve upon the empirical model in simulating geomagnetic storm effects and the solar cycle variation of neutral density.     

不同几何结构对燃油喷嘴热防护特性的影响

试验研究了不同管路结构对燃油结焦性能的影响,结果表明,在1 000 K、150 m/s来流条件和400 K、05 m/s燃油条件下,减小弯管角度和突扩管路的突扩尺寸可以降低结焦附着,且在对管路加热的初始阶段中,结焦量随时间增加会出现波动,在加热15 min时管壁结焦量达到最大,壁面上部分结焦的脱落使结焦量降低。随后,采用试验与数值模拟相结合的方法研究了喷嘴和喷嘴帽罩结构对热防护特性的影响。结果表明,主、副油路同心布置的喷嘴具有最好的热防护效果,在所试验工况下最高可降低湿壁温度近50%,甚至优于带空气隔热层的模型。而喷嘴帽罩对喷嘴出口油温的降低有限,但减小帽罩与喷嘴体的接触或在接触面处填充低热导率的材料仍是有效的改进措施,可降低出口油温约5 K。研究结果对喷嘴的热防护设计具有指导作用。     

加力燃烧室用气冷喷油杆结焦特性数值研究

为阐明实际工作环境参数下气冷喷油杆内燃油结焦速率与沉积厚度等特性,建立沿喷杆轴向的一维非稳态热-流-固耦合换热与燃油结焦计算模型,获得了喷杆壁面与燃油温度、结焦速率与相对结焦厚度等参数沿程分布。分析了燃油进口温度和质量流量对燃油结焦特性的影响,并与无气冷喷杆方案结果进行了对比。计算结果表明:燃油温度沿轴向逐渐升高,喷杆壁温在底端达到峰值。基准工况下气冷喷杆结焦速率和结焦厚度均沿轴向先升高后降低。结焦速率最大为26μg/(cm2·h),对应相对结焦沉积厚度0.6%。无气冷喷杆方案,在喷杆前端和底部各存在一结焦峰值区域。结焦速率峰值分别为398μg/(cm2·h)和807μg/(cm2·h),对应相对结焦沉积厚度8%和15%。固定燃油进口流量,随着燃油进口温度升高,结焦速率显著增大,喷杆内结焦总质量呈指数级增长趋势。固定燃油进口温度,进口流量越大,结焦速率略有增大,结焦总质量仅呈线性增长趋势。相较于无气冷喷杆,气冷喷杆可显著降低喷杆壁面与燃油温度,从而大幅抑制结焦生成。     

Preliminary evidence for drizzle in the middle cloud layer of Venus

Vertical trajectory data from the VEGA 1 and 2 balloon flights in the atmosphere of Venus is re-analyzed. A previously employed helium leak rate profile invoked to entirely account for the decrease in equilibrium float altitude of VEGA 2 is questioned and deemed ad hoc. As an alternative, it is proposed that both VEGA 1 and 2 experienced in-flight mass increases due to the deposition of cloud particles onto their envelopes, as well as losing helium at a reduced rate consistent with the pre-flight prediction. Particle deposition rates are estimated and found to be compatible with this alternative scenario. Possible evidence for drizzle is also presented. Preliminary experiments to derive aerosol deposition rate on a flat plate and the maximum feasible liquid mass that may be accumulated on a near-spherical envelope are briefly described. Further experimental work is recommended to constrain the deposition efficiency values involved and the maximum feasible drizzle fluxes that could have been encountered by both VEGA 1 and 2.     

防溅射靶对离子推力器背溅射沉积污染的影响

针对目前对真空舱背溅射沉积污染的计算模型误差较大的问题,对地面实验中离子推力器的背溅射沉积污染效应开展了研究,提出了更精确的计算模型。由于Reynolds的模型对束流密度在轴向上误差较大,采用改进型的离子束流模型对偏离推力器80 cm位置的真空舱背溅射沉积率做了计算,并与实验结果对比校验,结果吻合较好。用校验过的模型对光舱环境和防溅射靶环境的背溅射沉积效应开展研究,研究结果显示:光舱工况的返流沉积率为2.36×10-10 g/(cm2·s),安装防溅射分子屏的工况在推力器上的背溅射沉积率为2.51×10-11 g/(cm2·s),结果表明添加防溅射分子屏后背溅射沉积污染量可以降低近1个量级。      

异形构件化学气相沉积SiC涂层的数值模拟

根据化学气相沉积(CVD)工艺制备SiC陶瓷涂层的工艺特点和典型异形构件的结构特点,建立了异形构件表面化学气相沉积SiC涂层的数学模型。利用该模型,对CVD法在典型异形表面制备SiC涂层进行了数值计算和分析。计算结果显示,带有斜面的构件对CVD SiC沉积过程有显著影响,在反应器大小允许的情况下,构件放置时,斜面与水平面的夹角越小越好,并尽可能将构件长的一面与水平面平行,这样有利于沉积的涂层均匀。此外,对于带有台阶的构件来说,正放的构件表面浓度大于倒放的构件,而浓度梯度则小于倒放的构件。因此,在实际应用中,应尽量使台阶部分放在气流的下游。上述研究结果对CVD工艺制备SiC涂层的优化具有一定的指导意义。     

喷射沉积高温合金的显微组织及其力学性能

介绍了三种典型高温合金喷射成形坯件的制备工艺,并对其显微组织和力学性能进行了分析和测试。研究表明,喷射成形高温合金坯件整体致密度高,含氧量低,化学成分均匀,组织细小,并具有优异的综合力学性能。