Physical mechanism of the vertical electric field generation over active tectonic faults

The concept of the Global Electric Circuit (GEC) provides an explanation of the existence of a vertical atmospheric electric field and coupling between the ground and ionosphere. Presently, ionospheric physics pays more attention to electric fields and coupling processes in the polar and auroral regions, whereas in other areas the potential difference between the ground and ionosphere usually is not taken into account. Regional processes exist, however, that are able to significantly affect the GEC parameters and through modification of the ionospheric potential to create plasma density irregularities of different scales within the ionosphere. One such source of ionosphere modification is air ionization in the vicinity of active tectonic faults, which takes place due to increased radon emanation. This paper considers the process of local modification of the GEC and corresponding ionospheric variability due to tectonic activity.     

LYAPUNOV-TYPE STABILIZATION FOR NONLINEAR UNCERTAIN SYSTEMS AND NONLINEAR H~∞ CONTROL

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Thermal cyclotron radiation from a hot coronal loop with helical magnetic field

The spectral and polarization properties of thermal cyclotron radio emission from a hot coronal loop with a current along the axis are computed. The magnetic field is supposed to have a component along the loop axis as well as a poloidal part due to the current, both components being of comparable magnitude. In this specific configuration a helical magnetic field is present with a remarkable minimum of its absolute value along the loop axis and a maximum at its periphery. The presence of one or two maxima of magnetic field value along the line of sight results in increasing optical thickness of the gyroresonance layers at appropriate frequencies in the microwave band and, therefore, in enhanced radio emission at those harmonics which are optically thin (for example,s=4). These cannot be observed in models with the commonly employed magnetic field configuration (longitudinal along the loop axis).We show that the frequency spectrum of thermal cyclotron radiation from a hot coronal loop with a helical magnetic field differs from that of the standards-component source (with smooth frequency characteristics and polarization corresponding toe-mode) in that plenty of fine structures (line-like features and cut-offs) are present and theo-mode is prevalent in some frequency intervals. The enhanced radio emission at high harmonics and the complicated form of frequency spectrum in the model considered imply that some microwave sources, which are poorly explained in traditional models of solar active regions, may be associated with helical magnetic fields in hot coronal loops. Computations allow one to indicate spectral and polarizational peculiarities of local sources testifying to the presence of a helical magnetic field.     

高超声速边界层的转捩及预测

首先描述了边界层转捩的基本过程及研究内容。在此基础上,指出了高超声速边界层不同于不可压缩边界层的流动不稳定性特性,并介绍了边界层的转捩机理与感受性特征;给出了高超声速三维边界层中预测转捩的常用方法,并着重介绍了多用于工程实际的e N方法以及对e N方法的理性改进,同时列举了在高超声速三维边界层中应用e N方法实现转捩预测的多个实例。最后,分析并总结了高超声速边界层转捩预测所存在的困难及需要解决的问题。     

高超声速边界层转捩机理及应用的若干进展回顾

高超声速边界层转捩对飞行器的热传递、表面摩阻和流动分离等有重要影响,尤其是再入飞行器和吸气式巡航飞行器。然而,人们对边界层转捩机理中的很多问题认识还不清楚,或存在争议。本文从扰动波演化的角度回顾了高超声速边界层感受性、线性稳定性和非线性作用的国内若干研究进展,并以基于谐波共振的人工转捩技术为例示范了这些机理认识在转捩控制上的应用。扰动的产生和发展是认识边界层转捩机理的核心。通过研究扰动波来认识边界层转捩机理,开展应用创新研究对提升飞行器性能具有重要意义。     

中国特殊经济区和海关特殊监管区的发展方向

只要符合透明度原则和非歧视原则 ,继续保留对特殊经济区的优惠政策 ,就不违背中国加入世界贸易组织《议定书》和《报告书》的有关规定 ,但应该由“地区倾斜”转向“产业倾斜” ;对保税区和出口加工区等海关特殊监管区的管理最终应该体现“境内关外”的特征 ,与国际通行规则保持一致。     

平板上钝缘舵在超声速绕流中的三维分离特性研究

对于平板上的直立钝缘舵在M_∞=1.79、2.04和2.50的条件下,研究了该平板干扰区中的三维分离特性。着重讨论了钝缘直径、舵面迎角和来流马赫数对主分离线位置和形状的影响。分析了该类三维分离在性态上更强地依赖于无粘流动特性。此外,还对分离区内的二次分离发展过程和形态进行了初步讨论。     

Critical wake vortex encounter scenarios

A simulation-based method was developed to investigate the severity of Wake Vortex Encounters (WVEs). This paper describes an important part of this method: the determination of worst-case WVE conditions, which is referred to as Worst-Case Search (WCS). The WCS results permit to reduce time and costs of WVE severity related piloted simulator tests and allow the comparison of the hazard that vortices of different generator aircraft exert on a follower aircraft.The WCS is based on a high fidelity, offline simulation of the follower aircraft that includes the interacting wake vortex, a hazard criterion that rates the severity of each WVE, and a pilot model. It can be formulated as an optimisation problem that is solved with the optimisation tool MOPS (Multi Objective Parameter Synthesis). MOPS varies the encounter geometry until the simulation yields maximum values of the WVE hazard criterion.Worst-case encounter conditions for different parameters were investigated and sensitivity studies performed. The influence of the height above ground, the core radius, and the models for the wake vortex velocity profiles on the severity of a WVE was examined. To show the capability of the method, a comparison of the severity of a WVE behind two different heavy transport aircraft for a 20 t aircraft was made. The WCS method demonstrated its applicability and delivered the worst-case encounter geometry.

Zusammenfassung

Zur Untersuchung der Heftigkeit von Wirbelschleppen wurde eine simulationsbasierte Methode entwickelt. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt einen wichtigen Bestandteil dieser Methode: die Bestimmung der ungünstigsten (worst case) Einflugbedingungen in die Wirbelschleppe. Die Kenntnis dieser Bedingungen gestattet eine Zeit- und Kostenreduzierung bei wirbelschleppenbezogenen Simulatorversuchen mit Piloten und ermöglicht gleichzeitig einen Vergleich der vom Wirbel ausgehgehenden Gefährdung für verschiedene Kombinationen voraus- und einfliegender Flugzeuge.Die Worst-Case-Bedingungen werden mit einer Offline-Simulation des Folgeflugzeugs bestimmt, die Modelle für die Wechselwirkung mit der Wirbelschleppe und für das Pilotenverhalten sowie Kriterien für die Gefährdung durch den Wirbel umfasst. Für die Steuerung der Simulation und die Worst-Case-Suche wird die Optimierungssoftware MOPS (Multi Objective Parameter Synthesis) verwendet. MOPS variiert die Geometrie des Wirbelschleppendurchflugs bis die Simulation die maximalen Kriterienwerte für die Gefährdung durch den Wirbel liefert.Die Worst-Case-Bedingungen wurden für unterschiedliche Parameter untersucht. Der Einfluss der Höhe über Grund, des Kernradius' und der unterschiedlichen Modelle für das Wirbelgeschwindigkeitsprofil auf die von den Wirbelschleppen ausgehenden Gefährdung wurde dabei ermittelt. Um die Leistungsfähigkeit der Methode zu demonstrieren, wurde die Gefährdung von Wirbelschleppen zweier generierender Flugzeuge (heavy class) auf ein nachfolgendes 20 t Transportflugzeug verglichen. Die Anwendbarkeit der Methode wurde bestätigt und die ungünstigsten Einflugbedingungen berechnet.     

Multi-channel discharge characteristics cutting by ultra-fine wire-EDM

Compared with a copper wire electrode, molybdenum wire with a poor conductor is usually used as the electrode in high speed wire-cut electrical discharge machining(HSWEDM), so the resistance of an ultra-fine wire cannot be ignored. To study the differences of discharge characteristics between the ultra-fine wire and the conventional diameter wire, the continuous discharge waveform of two kinds of wire electrodes was compared. It was found that there was a multichannel discharge phenomenon in the...     

固体发动机喷管延伸锥展开前级间分离的热环境分析

通过FLUENT流场计算软件,采用RNGK k-ε湍流模型,针对带有延伸喷管的多级固体发动机级间热分离的热环境进行了数值分析。研究表明,延伸喷管尾流受到连接筒、前封头、延伸段的阻碍后,其流动特征变化显著,尤其在一级前封头的影响下形成回流,并在喷管内形成激波。计算得到的热环境参数,对发动机的热防护设计具有一定的参考价值。