金属热防护系统设计的有限元分析

对可重复使用运载飞行器金属热防护系统进行了有限元分析,计算发现超耐热合金防热结构中下层蜂窝夹芯板的存在会增加结构的质量,但是并不会提高绝热性能,因此改进型防热系统取代了超耐热合金防热系统。比较分析了板间缝隙宽度和辐射率对防热结构底部最大温度的影响,表明减小板间缝隙是消除缝隙辐射的最好办法。分析了模拟条件对热防护系统尺寸设计的影响:初始温度为0℃时比为40℃时最大可以减少17%的厚度和7.7%的质量;考虑热损失厚度最小可以降低26%,质量最小可以降低7%。     

Convex shaping process simulation during counter-rotating electrochemical machining by using the finite element method

In counter-rotating electrochemical machining(CRECM), a revolving cathode tool with hollow windows of various shapes is used to fabricate convex structures on a revolving part. During this process, the anode workpiece and the cathode tool rotate relative to each other at the same rotation speed. In contrast to the conventional schemes of ECM machining with linear motion of a block tool electrode, this scheme of ECM is unique, and has not been adequately studied yet. In this paper, the finite element method(FEM) is used to simulate the anode shaping process during CRECM, and the simulation process which involves a meshing model, a moving boundary,and a simulation algorithm is described. The simulated anode profiles of the convex structure at different processing times show that the CRECM process can be used to fabricate convex structures of various shapes with different heights. Besides, the variation of the inter-electrode gap indicates that this process can also reach a relative equilibrium state like that in conventional ECM. A rectangular convex and a circular convex are successfully fabricated on revolving parts. The experimental results indicate relatively good agreement with the simulation results. The proposed simulation process is valid for convex shaping prediction and feasibility studies as well.     

狭窄缝隙内的热流分布实验研究

在脉冲风洞中,和15.5,相应雷诺数的来流条件下,分别用平板和平头圆柱模型测量了狭窄缝隙内的详细热流分布。缝隙宽2mm,深25mm,模型攻角缝隙相对气流的偏转角β=0°～90°。本文给出了缝内典型热流分布结果,讨论了马赫数、攻角和偏转角对缝内热流分布的影响并与现有计算方法和实验数据进行了比较。     

Analysis and control of inter-electrode gap during leveling process in counter-rotating electrochemical machining

The inter-electrode gap (IEG) is an essential parameter for the anode shaping process in electrochemical machining (ECM) and directly affects the machining accuracy. In this paper, the IEG during the leveling process of an oval anode workpiece in counter-rotating ECM (CRECM) is investigated. The variation of the minimum IEG is analyzed theoretically, and the results indicate that rather than reaching equilibrium, the minimum IEG in CRECM expands constantly when a constant feed speed is used for the cathode tool. This IEG expansion leads to a poor localization effect and has an adverse influence on the roundness of the machined workpiece. To maintain a small constant IEG in CRECM, a variable feed speed is used for the cathode based on a fitted equation. The theoretical results show that the minimum IEG can be controlled at a small value by using an accelerated feed speed. Experiments have been conducted using a specific experimental apparatus in which the cathode tool is designed as a combined structure of two sectors and a thin sheet. By detecting the machining currents flowing through the minimum IEG, how the latter varies is obtained indirectly. The results indicate that using an accelerated feed speed is effective for controlling the IEG, thereby improving the roundness of the machined workpiece.     

航空发动机套齿动态装配间隙非概率优化设计

为解决航空发动机套齿动态装配间隙的响应问题,在考虑动态变形和参数不确定性的情况下,将1种非概率区间分析方法与Kriging响应面模型及响应面优化方法相结合,对套齿初始装配间隙进行了可靠性优化设计。以某刚性套齿联轴器作为数值算例,在确定性设计的基础上,考虑机械载荷、热载荷、材料参数的分散性,运用区间分析方法得到了动态装配间隙的响应范围,利用非概率可靠性指标对初始装配间隙进行了优化设计。与确定性设计相比,优化设计提高了结构的可靠性;与概率设计相比,优化设计降低了对不确定参数的信息要求。验证了非概率方法解决装配对象不确定性结构响应问题的可行性与适用性。     

基于前缘缝翼微型后缘装置的多段翼型被动流动控制

以麦道航空公司的三段增升构型为研究模型,采用剪切应力输运(SST)k-ω湍流模型在C-H型多块结构网格上求解二维非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,研究了前缘缝翼微型后缘装置(MTED)在多段翼型被动流动控制中的应用。由于MTED改变了实际的缝翼缝道参数,因此首先研究了作为主要改变量的缝道宽度对该三段翼型气动性能的影响,当缝道宽度从参考构型的2.95%c增加至3.98%c时,最大总升力系数约减小4.61%。当在不同缝道宽度基本构型上增加相同MTED时,计算结果表明它对各个翼段的影响定性一致,即前缘缝翼升力增加、主翼升力减小以及后缘襟翼升力基本不变化。这些升力变化的综合作用是:MTED构型线性段总升力系数的变化不大,失速段的变化取决于缝道宽度,当缝道宽度为3.98%c时,高度为0.50%c的MTED构型的最大总升力系数约增加6.98%。     

流体二次引射推力转向参数影响规律

采用数值模拟手段,对流体二次引射推力转向参数影响规律进行了研究。首先采用二元矩形矢量喷管,结合风洞试验及国外文献计算数据,验证了自主开发的流体推力转向数值模拟软件的可靠性;在此基础上,开展了流体二次引射推力转向的机理研究和各种参数影响规律数值模拟研究,并详细研究了不同主次流压比、引射缝隙位置和缝隙宽度等参数对干扰流场结构及推力转向偏角的影响,获得了各设计变量对喷管性能及内部流态的影响规律,给出了流体二次引射实现推力转向的基本设计原则及较优的参数组合方案,相关结论可为流体二次流引射推力矢量喷管设计提供依据。     

襟翼表面粗糙度对多段翼型升力的影响

在襟翼上表面填充多孔吸声材料,虽然缝道的噪声有所降低,但翼型升力系数也有较大损失。为了确定是否因多孔材料造成翼面粗糙度增加而降低了升力系数,也为了进一步确定数值模拟中粗糙表面简化模型的适用性,通过风洞试验和数值模拟进行研究。数值模拟采用沿流向三角形凸起模拟吸声材料的粗糙度,采用ANSYS-Fluent的二维模块、非结构网格和k-ωSST湍流模型进行计算。风洞试验在某NF-3低速翼型风洞中完成,采用等弦长的二维测压模型,光滑模型表面是通过在吸声材料上覆盖光滑薄膜实现的。结果表明:可以采用沿流向三角形凸起模拟吸声材料的粗糙度对升力特性的影响;吸声材料的粗糙度影响翼型的升力系数。因此,若通过吸声材料降低缝道流动噪声,需要进一步研究吸声性能好且表面比较光滑的材料/结构。     

旋转盘腔盘罩间隙比的敏感性分析

为保证寿命限制件之一的涡轮盘满足适航性要求,采用单向流固耦合(fluid structure interaction,简称FSI)数值方法,研究转静系旋转盘腔盘罩间隙比的变化对转盘安全性的影响机理.并且,由流阻、换热效果和应力分布三方面构成的工程评价体系对盘罩间隙比的影响进行评价以及敏感性分析.结果表明:盘罩间隙比的变化能够影响旋转盘腔内流动结构的强度,从而改变盘面换热效果和转盘温度分布,导致与温度梯度相关的热应力也发生变化.随着盘罩间隙比的增加,旋转盘腔的流阻损失基本不变,转盘迎风面平均换热效果呈现先增强后减弱的趋势,转盘整体应力水平上升,以及出现在盘心处的最大等效应力值增大.盘罩间隙比的变化能够从材料许用应力和实际使用载荷两方面影响涡轮盘的失效概率,因此,在涡轮盘腔设计阶段,需考虑盘罩间隙比对涡轮盘安全性的影响.      

动载下热防护系统典型组件防热有效性研究

在给定热环境及动态随机载荷条件下,对某航天飞行器大面积热防护系统进行了力热耦合及随机振动分析,得出在该条件下的块间开缝位移.随后建立缝隙内的热传导模型,并依据开缝位移值,分析了它对大面积背温的影响.同时,还研究了在不同参数对防热有效性的影响规律.