载人深空探测任务航天医学工程问题研究

航天医学工程问题关系到载人深空探测任务中的人员生存及健康。文章从人员长期生存的生命保障、变重力生理效应及防护、地外环境效应与防护、人员生理健康监测与维护、人员心理健康等方面的问题入手,分析了问题产生的原因及解决的必要性,并提出了解决思路,为后续深入开展相关关键技术的攻关提供参考。最后,以载人月球基地任务为案例,提出了生命保障、变重力防护、辐射及月尘防护、生理及心理健康监测及维护等问题的解决方案。     

Evaluation of Turbulence Models in Predicting Hypersonic and Subsonic Base Flows Using Grid Adaptation Techniques

The flows behind the base of a generic rocket, at both hypersonic and subsonic flow conditions, are numerically studied. The main concerns are addressed to the evaluation of turbulence models and the using of grid adaptation techniques. The investiga- tion focuses on two configurations, related to hypersonic and subsonic experiments. The applicability tests of different turbulence models are conducted on the level of two-equation models calculating the steady state solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations. All used models, the original Wilcox k-ω, the Menter shear-stress transport (SST) and the explicit algebraic Reynolds stress model(EARSM) formulation, predict an asymmetric base flow in both cases caused by the support of the models. A comparison with preliminary experimental results indicates a preference for the SST and EARSM results over the results from the older k-ω model. Sensitivity studies show no significant influence of the grid topology or the location of the laminar to turbulent transition on the base flow field, but a strong influence of even small angles of attack is reported from the related experiments.     

A two-position SINS initial alignment method based on gyro information

This paper presents a method to improve the accuracy of and reduce the time needed for the initial alignment of strapdown inertial navigation systems. The new method is based on the conventional two position method enhanced by the use of gyro information. After presenting the problem of initial alignment and identifying the key issues – low accuracy and long convergence time, the paper introduces the two position method showing the improvement of performance but not on convergence time. By using gyro information in the new method, precision is improved and time for alignment reduced. The discussion is illustrated with simulations.     

初始定位误差对SINS动基座对准的影响分析

初始定位误差对捷联式惯导系统水下初始对准有着重要影响。针对此问题,基于捷联式惯导系统非线性误差模型利用无迹卡尔曼滤波方法进行载体系测速辅助捷联式惯导系统精对准。首先在水下单应答器定位技术已有研究成果的基础上,对初始定位误差对捷联式惯导系统水下动基座初始对准结果的影响进行理论分析;而后基于船载实测数据对理论分析结果进行水下动基座对准半物理仿真试验验证。试验结果表明,当水下初始位置的定位误差在200m以内时,初始定位误差对捷联式惯导系统动基座精对准的姿态对准结果基本没有影响;会给精对准过程中的位置误差估计带来与初始定位误差相同大小的常值误差。     

增塑剂对双基推进剂动态力学性能的影响

用动态热机械分析方法考察了NC含氮量、液态含能增塑剂DDXZ和NG以及固态增塑剂P对双基推进剂动态力学性能的影响.双基推进剂具有高低温2个力学松弛过程,即α-转变和β-转变.发现β-转变的tanδ峰温随NC含氮量的增加而下降,混合液态增塑剂NG/DDXZ中NG的比例增大时,β-转变的tanδ峰温上升,α-转变中tanδ峰温和峰值都提高.随着固态增塑剂P含量的增加,高温α-转变的tanδ峰温下降,峰值增大,柔量亦增大.     

气膜孔倾角角度对单晶高温合金疲劳性能的影响(“两机”专刊)

为了研究气膜孔倾角角度对单晶高温合金疲劳性能的影响,设计倾角30°,45°,90°的14孔平板试样进行了同等应力水平下的高温疲劳试验,并对断裂后失效试件进行断口分析。基于晶体塑性理论,对不同倾角气膜孔平板件进行数值计算,分析孔边局部应力及损伤演化。结果表明,气膜孔倾角角度对疲劳性能影响显著,疲劳寿命90°>30°>45°,且45°倾角气膜孔孔边裂纹数明显多于其他两种。数值模拟显示,90°孔每个循环累积的应变相对较小,30°斜孔次之,45°斜孔最大,且 45°斜孔和 30°斜孔的棘轮应变累积速率明显高于直孔,30°斜孔的损伤和直孔的损伤较为接近,45°斜孔的损伤最大,数值分析与实验结果相一致。     

吊挂式模态试验系统动力学建模和分析

根据吊挂式模态试验系统的工作原理,通过合理简化等效,建立了吊挂式模态试验系统的力学基本模型。依据瑞利理论,求解出其在水平和竖直2个方向测试基频的解析计算公式,揭示了测试基频和真实基频的等量关系式,分析了2个方向上基频测试误差的产生机理、影响因素和变化趋势。通过开展标准杆模态试验以及有限元仿真分析,验证了吊挂式模态试验系统力学等效模型合理、正确和有效。结果表明,吊挂式模态试验系统竖直方向的基频测试值偏低,水平方向的基频测试值偏高,需对测试结果进行误差修正,方能得到被测对象较准确的基频值。     

Stress-controlled LCF experiments and ratcheting behaviour simulation of a nickel-based single crystal superalloy with [001] orientation

Uniaxial ratcheting behaviour and low cycle fatigue (LCF) failure mechanism of nickel-based single crystal superalloy DD6 with [001] orientation are investigated through the stress-controlled LCF tests with stress ratio of −1. Then the deformation behaviour during the whole-lifetime from the beginning of the experiment to the fracture of the specimen, as well as the fractographic/metallographic morphology, are compared with the strain-controlled LCF experimental results. Through the scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations, it is shown that the failure characteristics under stress-controlled LCF loading are similar with those under strain-controlled loading. Nevertheless, unlike strain-controlled LCF loading, even under fully reversed cycle loading for stress-controlled LCF, DD6 shows significant ratcheting behaviour due to the tension-compression asymmetry. In addition, the LCF lifetimes under stress control are significantly shorter than the LCF lifetimes under strain control, and the culprit might be the detrimental effect of ratcheting strain on LCF lifetime. Based on these phenomena, an improved crystal plasticity constitutive model on the basis of slip-based Walker constitutive model is developed through modifying the kinematic hardening rule in order to overcome the inaccurate prediction of decelerating stage and stable stage of ratcheting behaviour. Furthermore, combining the continuum damage mechanics, a damage-coupled crystal plasticity constitutive model is proposed to reflect the damage behaviour of DD6 and the accelerating stage of ratcheting behaviour. The simulation results for the stress-controlled LCF deformation behaviour including the whole-lifetime ratcheting behaviour show good agreement with the experimental data.     

基于机动动作库的实时轨迹生成与仿真研究

论述了基于机动动作库的实时轨迹生成方法,根据环境和任务要求进行在线决策,选取机动动作库中合适的机动动作,最终实时生成无人机所需要的机动轨迹。仿真结果表明,这种方法具有实时性强、生成轨迹易于跟踪控制等优点。     

加权最小二乘—卡尔曼滤波算法在动基座对准中的应用

利用卡尔曼滤波算法进行估计需要给定初始状态估计值和初始误差方差阵.通常,初始状态估计值和初始误差方差阵由经验给定,而初始状态估计值和初始误差方差阵的选取影响着卡尔曼滤波的估计精度.文中提出了加权最小二乘-卡尔曼滤波算法,并运用到惯导系统动基座初始对准中,进行了仿真.仿真结果表明,利用加权最小二乘算法可得到更加精确的卡尔曼滤波的初始状态估计值和初始误差方差阵,提高卡尔曼滤波的估计精度,进而提高了初始对准的精度.