环境作用下的聚合物基复合材料性能研究进展及主要问题

综述了环境因素作用下聚合物基复合材料性能研究近年来的成果。分析总结了环境因素对复合材料的作用机理及对复合材料力学性能的影响;详细阐述了几种涉及环境作用的聚合物基复合材料腐蚀寿命预测模型;最后提出了存在的主要问题及今后的发展趋势。     

γ相的变形行为及其对Ni－Al－Fe－B合金形状记忆效应的影响

通过显微组织分析和宏观力学,研究了Ｎｉ－Ａｌ－Ｆｅ－Ｂ合金中γ相的变形行为及其对合金形状记忆效应（ＳＭＥ）的影响。结果表明：在低应力作用下,Ｎｉ－Ａｌ－Ｆｅ－Ｂ合金发生应力诱发马氏体相变时,有少量γ相以滑移方式参与协调变形,以至合金在较小的应变量下也得不到完全的ＳＭＥ。合金的形状记忆恢复率随应变量增加呈现阶段性衰减趋势。当应变量为４％时,形状记忆恢复率可达７５％。     

旋翼近地飞行时尾迹及地面涡的N─S方程模拟

用有限体积法、三维Ｎ－Ｓ方程对旋翼近地飞行时的尾迹及地面涡进行了数值模拟。由分布在特定区域内的动量源项模拟旋翼对流场的作用,动量源项的强度由旋翼的几何尺寸、叶片剖面的空气动力特性及当地流场的性质迭代定出。进而,研究了旋翼近地飞行时,在不同前进比及不同离地高度情况下,尾迹与地面的干扰问题及地面涡的现象     

近地飞行时旋翼的气动力及桨叶挥舞运动

基于对旋翼近地飞行时流场的N-S方程计算,计算并讨论了近地飞行时,旋翼拉力、扭矩系数及桨叶挥舞角随前进比、离地高度的变化情况。结果表明,在地面涡出现的飞行条件下,与无地面效应的情形相比,旋翼拉力和侧倾角有显著变化。     

基于N-S方程的地面效应模拟

模拟了低速情况下二维翼型的地面效应问题，其中翼面流动利用一种改进的、基于不可压N－S方程的离散涡方法来模拟，地面模拟则利用一系列连续分布的涡板块来实现。利用上述模型研究了地面对翼型表面流动和压力分布的影响，并对有地面存在条件下的尾涡发展规律进行了讨论。计算结果表明，该方法能够有效地模拟低速情况下翼型的近地面流动，具有一定的工程应用价值。     

纤维增强铝基复合材料热残余应力细观力学模型

从复合材料内部组分的细观力学关系入手 ,建立了基底 /涂层 /纤维三层力学模型。该核型能够分析有涂层的连续纤维增强金属基复合材料在温度和机械载荷同时变化下的应力应变关系 ,并可用于计算铝基复合材料的制造热残余应力状态。算例分析表明 :涂层的物理性能对复合材料的整体力学性能有很大影响。在涂层上 ,有些残余应力分量远高于基底和纤维处的状况。涂层的弹性模量不同 ,对材料的横向应力影响最大     

空间用聚四氟乙烯材料的原子氧、温度、紫外辐射效应的试验研究

在 IFM原子氧剥蚀效应地面模拟设备中对空间常用材料聚四氟乙烯进行了原子氧剥蚀效应试验,试样温度升高对原子氧效应的影响以及原子氧与紫外辐射复合效应试验,对试验前后试样的质量及表面形貌进行了比较,得出了材料在设备中的反应特点以及温度升高、紫外辐射对材料的原子氧效应的影响规律。对原子氧与材料的反应机理也做了相应的分析。同时还测量比较了原子氧暴露试验前后、原子氧与紫外辐射复合作用前后试样的反射率、透射率等光学性质。     

Experimental Investigation on Performance of Pulse Detonation Rocket Engine Model

The PDRE test model used in these experiments utilized kerosene as the fuel, oxygen as oxidizer, and nitrogen as purge gas. The solenoid valves were employed to control intermittent supplies of kerosene, oxygen and purge gas. PDRE test model was 50 mm in inner diameter by 1.2 m long. The DDT （deflagration to detonation transition） enhancement device Shchelkin spiral was used in the test model. The effects of detonation frequency on its time-averaged thrust and specific impulse were experimentally investigated. The obtained results showes that the time-averaged thrust of PDRE test model was approximately proportional to the detonation frequency. For the detonation frequency 20 Hz, the time-averaged thrust was around 107 N, and the specific impulse was around 125 s. The nozzle experiments were conducted using PDRE test model with three traditional nozzles. The experimental results obtained demonstrated that all of those nozzles could augment the thrust and specific impulse. Among those three nozzles, the convergent nozzle had the largest increased augmentation, which was approximately 18%, under the specific condition of the experiment.     

Effects of Atomic Oxygen Irradiation on Transparent Conductive Oxide Thin Films

作为一种功能薄膜,透明导电氧化物(TCO)薄膜在飞行器的抗原子氧(AO)涂层和太阳能电池领域有着巨大的应用价值。ZnO:Al(ZAO)和In2O3:Sn(ITO)薄膜是目前研究和应用最广泛的TCO。本文对ITO薄膜和ZAO薄膜进行了不同通量的AO辐照。通过对辐照前后样品的X射线衍射、扫描电镜及霍耳效应的表征及测试,研究了AO辐照对这两种TCO薄膜的结构、性能及电学特性的影响。研究表明AO辐照对ZAO薄膜表面有明显的侵蚀作用,但对其结构和导电性能没有明显影响。对于ITO薄膜,随着AO通量的增大,其载流子浓度逐渐下降从而导致了电阻率的提高,电阻率的最大变化达到了21.7%。     

Space weather and commercial airlines

Space weather phenomena can effect many areas of commercial airline operations including avionics, communications and GPS navigation systems. Of particular importance at present is the recently introduced EU legislation requiring the monitoring of aircrew radiation exposure, including any variations at aircraft altitudes due to solar activity. With the introduction of new ultra-long-haul “over-the-pole” routes, “more-electric” aircraft in the future, and the increasing use of satellites in the operation, the need for a better understanding of the space weather impacts on future airline operations becomes all the more compelling. This paper will present the various space weather effects, some provisional results of an ongoing 3-year study to monitor cosmic radiation in aircraft, and conclude by summarising some of the identified key operational issues, which must be addressed, with the help of the science community, if the airlines want to benefit from the availability of space weather services.