Experimental and computational investigation of hybrid formation flight for aerodynamic gain at transonic speed

The influence of the wing-tip vortex of leading aircraft on energy savings, quantified by formation aerodynamic force fraction of the following aircraft, is studied at transonic speed for a matrix of leading aircraft’s vortex locations. The research model adopts the hybrid formation of medium and large aircraft. The leading aircraft is scaled by 2.1%, and the following aircraft is scaled by 1.4%. An aerodynamic benefit “map” is developed to determine the optimum location of the following aircraft relative to the leading aircraft wake and to compare with experimental results, thus validating the use of CFD for the formation flight at cruising speed. The response surface model of aerodynamic gain effect relative to formation parameters is established via numerical calculation and wind tunnel test. The optimal formation parameters and the setting criteria of the study model are optimized. Results show that the wing-tip vortex of large aircraft significantly increases lift and reduces drag on the medium-sized aircraft following it. Reduced drag slightly increases with the flow direction position. With the increase of flow direction distance, the peak area moves from 15% of wing-tip overlap to 20% of overlap. In addition, the maximum drag decreases about 16%, and the maximum lift increases about 12%. The lift drag ratio of the optimal position is increased by 27%, which is twice as large as that of the same scale ratio aircraft formation. Results show that the increase of lift is mainly caused by the increase of suction peak and suction range.     

面向空间遥操作的非对称双人共享控制及其性能分析

面向复杂操控任务的多人/机遥操作技术是未来空间遥操作的发展趋势之一。在综述目前双主单从的遥操作控制模式的基础上,提出一种面向空间遥操作的非对称双人共享控制方法。首先,通过分析理想双主单从遥操作系统模型,并对优势因子进行区分,建立了时延影响下的非对称双主单从共享控制系统模型;然后,利用传递阻抗、可达阻抗范围、性能表现距离和传递阻抗比等函数对系统的性能指标进行评价分析,并给出优势因子、控制阻抗和环境阻抗等参数对系统运动学性能的影响;最后,对所提出的方法进行仿真和实验验证,结果表明相比于传统控制方法,非对称双人共享控制具有较好的透明性和抗时延影响特性。     

Bump进气道中鼓包诱导的激波/边界层干扰特性

为了探索Bump进气道中鼓包诱导的锥形激波和机身发展而来的湍流边界层干扰问题,分析其气动优势,首先选取了半锥和半棱锥这两种与鼓包的流场结构具有一定相似性的构型作为参照,采用数值仿真方法,分别对这三类典型的三维激波/湍流边界层干扰问题进行了流场分析。在此基础之上,设计了三个不同马赫数的鼓包,并研究了设计马赫数对鼓包流场特性的影响。结果表明:当三类构型的无黏激波强度相等时,半锥诱导产生的旋涡强度最强,鼓包次之,半棱锥最弱。尽管鼓包诱导的流场非常复杂,其干扰流场却呈现出准锥形相似的特性。虽然半锥对边界层的排移能力最强,但是综合考虑边界层排移能力及进气道出口流场畸变下,鼓包最具优势,这也是其被选为超声速进气道前缘压缩面的重要原因之一。此外,在设计状态下,适当增加设计马赫数能改善鼓包排移边界层的能力,但设计马赫数太高,边界层排移能力基本不变,反而使得进气道总压损失急剧增加。      

基于变步长与非对称模糊的光伏MPPT控制策略

针对于光伏发电系统的输出特性,容易受到外界变数的影响而出现非对称的强非线性特征,输出的功率会偏离最大输出功率点的现象。分析了最大功率点跟踪的几种常用控制策略的优缺点,对PU曲线进行了分析,提出了非对称模糊与变步长电导增量法相结合的控制策略。这里的变步长电导增量法可以在远离最大功率点两侧时,快速靠近最大功率点,当进一步靠近最大功率点区间附近时,采取非对称模糊控制进行寻优,能够较好地削弱系统在最大功率点周围的振荡现象,提升整个系统的稳定性能。通过MATLAB/Simulink进行建模仿真对比,得出所提的方法有较好的动态性能。     

PIV技术在前体非对称涡结构研究中的应用

介绍了北航D4风洞PIV系统的布置及具体实验方案,在此基础上实现了PIV技术在前体非对称涡流动结构研究中的应用。在迎角50°、Re=0．14×10°～0．55×106时,对旋成体X／D=2和3．35截面流动结构进行研究。结果表明,随着胁数的增加截面上流动结构存在从非对称二涡向三涡发展的趋势;在亚临界区,旋涡对非对称压力分布的影响起主要作用;在临界起始发展区及临界区,边界层流动状态及其分离形态对非对称压力分布的影响起主要作用;前体非对称涡沿轴向由二涡向三涡的发展状态在临界起始发展区比亚临界区将向更上游的位置发生。     

Taylor-Couette流的DSMC数值模拟

使用圆柱坐标系网格的三维DSMC(Direct Simulation Monte Carlo)模型,对同轴圆柱间Taylor-Couette流中Taylor涡的形成进行了数值模拟,并分析了不同计算域和边界条件下稳定流场中Taylor涡的轴向排列结构.在网格设置和流场参数不变的情况下,使用轴对称DSMC模型对Taylor涡进行数值模拟,所得Taylor涡的稳定过程与三维结果一致,验证了使用三维DSMC方法来解决微尺度低速的稀薄气流问题的可行性.三维模拟结果表明Taylor涡以较大的圆周速度绕轴旋转,二维模拟则无法体现.对不同的内圆柱旋转速度进行数值模拟,确定了能够产生Taylor涡的临界速度值.     

国内主力低速风洞大迎角实验的不确定度水平研究

笔者将AGARD-AR-304不确定度评估方法推广到大迎角领域,给出计算低速风洞大(小)迎角实验不确定度的工程方法.相应的计算软件已成功地用于国内主力低速风洞实验的不确定度评估,完成了5座风洞8个模型大迎角实验的不确定度评估,给出了我国主力低速风洞大(小)迎角实验的不确定度水平.     

Landing of the asteroid probe with three-legged cushioning: Planar asymmetric dynamics and safety margin

The probes landing on the surfaces of the asteroids can increase the scientific return of the exploration missions and also promote the development of deep space resources. Because of its excellent applicability to the uneven terrain and a lighter configuration than the four-legged mechanisms, the three-legged cushioning mechanisms are suitable for dissipating the impact energy and then quickly stabilizing the probe attitude when the probe lands on the micro-gravitational surfaces of the asteroids. Research on the landing dynamics of the probe facilitates to the design of the landing-cushioning mechanism and the optimization of its configuration, as well as the assessment of the landing safety. Comparing with the previous extensive related literature focusing on landing dynamics of the probes assisted by the four-legged cushioning mechanisms, this paper studies creatively the planar dynamics considering the asymmetric characteristic and the leg-leg coupling to understand the landing process of the asteroid probe with the three-legged cushioning mechanism and thereby to optimize the configuration of cushioning mechanism and assess safety margin of the landing. According to the touchdown status, the asymmetric landing modes are classified and the coupling issue in the construction of the landing models is explained. Consequently, two types of dynamics models describing the two-stages touchdown cushioning process of the probe are established. Then, five significant configuration factors of the cushioning mechanism are extracted, and their values combinations are designed according to the Taguchi orthogonal method. On this basis, the maximum safe landing attitude angles of the probe are solved by using these values combinations as the input conditions under the dangerous situations in different landing modes. The range analysis and nonlinear fitting methods are employed to discuss the influence of the configuration factors on the landing safety margin, and the favorable parameter values of the configuration factors are determined. Next, the influence of the ground obstacle on the landing safety margin and several methods to improve the margin are researched. Finally, the complete attitude changes of the probe in two representative landing cases are analyzed. The results studied in this paper can contribute to configuration optimization of the three-legged cushioning mechanisms and safety assessment of the legged probes landing on the asteroids, as well as to provide a reference for discussing the leg-leg coupling issue received less attention in landing dynamics of the probes with the four-legged cushioning mechanisms.