Analytic estimation and numerical modeling of actively cooled thermal protection systems with nickel alloys

Actively cooled thermal protection system has great influence on the engine of a hypersonic vehicle, and it is significant to obtain the thermal and stress distribution in the system. So an analytic estimation and numerical modeling are performed in this paper to investigate the behavior of an actively cooled thermal protection system. The analytic estimation is based on the electric analogy method and finite element analysis（FEA） is applied to the numerical simulation. Temperature and stress distributions are obtained for the actively cooled channel walls with three kinds of nickel alloys with or with no thermal barrier coating（TBC）. The temperature of the channel wall with coating has no obvious difference from the one with no coating, but the stress with coating on the channel wall is much smaller than that with no coating. Inconel X-750 has the best characteristics among the three Ni-based materials due to its higher thermal conductivity, lower elasticity module and greater allowable stress. Analytic estimation and numerical modeling results are compared with each other and a reasonable agreement is obtained.     

航天用铝合金/ 焊丝焊接性研究

针对2A14、2219、2195、2A97、1460铝合金,通过焊接热模拟试验、焊接裂纹敏感性试验和拉伸试验,建立了材料脆性温度区间大小和焊接性的关系及焊丝主成分和焊接性的关系。结果表明,试验合金焊接性从好到差的排列顺序为2219、2A14、1460、2195、2A97。其中2A14、2219铝合金现用焊丝可以满足推进剂贮箱用铝合金焊接性要求。脆性温度区间较小时,焊接性良好,随脆性温度区间增加,焊接性变差;采用满足主成分含量之和为6%的焊丝焊接时,若抗裂性满足要求,则接头延伸率满足要求。     

Electromagnetic riveting technique and its applications

With the increasing applications of novel materials and structures in new-generation aircraft, conventional joining techniques in aircraft component assembly are greatly challenged. To meet those challenges, the electromagnetic riveting (EMR) technique was developed as an advanced joining tool, which exhibits obvious advantages in the assembly of new-generation aircraft. In this paper, the riveting principle of EMR was analyzed, and its development history and status were presented in detail. Then, equipment features of three typical EMR systems were given. Moreover, three important applications of EMR were covered, i.e., composite structure riveting, titanium rivet and large-size aluminum rivet riveting, and interference fit bolt installation. Specially, a novel strengthening method for mechanical linking holes based on EMR was also presented, which can significantly improve the fatigue behaviors of mechanical joints. Finally, open questions in the EMR field were discussed, and some recommendations for future work were also made. This paper can be useful for optimizing the joint designs of aircraft components and improving the level of aircraft maintenance.     

Cr对Nb-16Si-22Ti-2Al-2Hf合金显微组织与高低温力学性能的影响

 以Nb-16Si-22Ti-2Al-2Hf成分为基础,分别添加了2%和17%(原子分数,后同)的Cr元素替代Nb(分别称2Cr和17Cr合金),研究了Cr含量对Nb-16Si-22Ti-2Al-2Hf合金相组成、显微组织形貌、室温断裂韧性和高温强度的影响,分析了高低温失效机制。结果表明,铸态和1 375 ℃×100 h热处理后2Cr合金由Nbss和Nb₅Si₃两相组成;当Cr含量为17%时,出现了具有C15结构的Laves Cr₂Nb相,合金由Nbss、Nb₅Si₃和Cr₂Nb三相组成,热处理后在Nb₅Si₃中还析出了球状Cr₂Nb相。随着Cr含量由2%提高到17%,热处理合金的室温断裂韧性K_Q由14.32 MPa·m^1/2下降到10.30 MPa·m^1/2。合金强度与Cr含量的关系受温度影响,随Cr含量提高,室温和1 150 ℃时合金的硬度或强度增高,而1 250 ℃和1 350 ℃时合金强度降低。如1 150 ℃时2Cr和17Cr合金的屈服强度σ_0.2分别为349 MPa和387 MPa;1 350 ℃时分别为306 MPa和74 MPa。     

柔性电极电火花强化钛合金表面性能

采用旋转的柔性铜电极与钛合金表面在高频脉冲电源的作用下进行电火花表面强化,使空气中的氧等元素在放电形成的高温高压条件下与钛合金表面发生反应。结果表明:该试验条件下可以使钛合金表面硬度相对基体提高237%～399%;强化层厚度达到21～157μm;通过能谱分析(Energy dispersive spectrometer,EDS)及X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)分析表明,在钛合金表面生成了钛的氧化物等强化物质和钛与铜、锌等的合金;强化表面不存在明显的传统放电蚀除凹坑,但有明显机械刮磨涂覆痕迹,同时单脉冲放电能量被分散,使得表面粗糙度值的提高量较小且可控;在氢氟酸和硝酸混合溶液中,强化层具有较高的抗腐蚀能力,经过点面磨损测试表明,强化层表面耐磨性能相对于基体表面有显著提高。经强化,能够获得具有良好耐磨性、抗腐蚀性、表面良好的钛合金。     

TC4钛合金薄壁带筋锥形环辗轧充填规律

钛合金薄壁带筋锥形环件是航空航天关键基础构件,型槽充填不满、截面轮廓难以精确成形,是该复杂异形环件精密辗轧成形面临的瓶颈问题。本文分析了影响型槽充填行为的关键影响因素,即决定塑性变形行为的每转进给量、以及决定每转进给量在环件内外表面分配比例的驱动辊半径和芯辊半径;以某TC4钛合金薄壁带外筋锥形环辗轧为研究对象,通过ABAQUS的VUAMP子程序开发,建立了实现以常每转进给量进给的芯辊运动闭环控制有限元仿真模型;进而模拟揭示了每转进给量、驱动辊半径和芯辊半径对型槽充填质量(充填率、型槽入口变形及其均匀性)的影响规律。结果表明:随着每转进给量增大,充填率先增大后减小,表明存在一个最佳的每转进给量最利于充填;随着每转进给量增大,型槽入口区域变形越小且分布越均匀,可有效抑制该区域产生裂纹缺陷;随着驱动辊半径增大,充填率逐渐减小,不利于型槽充填;随着芯辊半径增大,充填率逐渐增大,有利于型槽充填。     

矩形截面型材拉弯成形

针对铝合金矩形中空截面挤压型材进行了不同预拉和补拉的拉弯成形试验研究,获取了预拉和补拉对成形精度的影响规律.截面畸变是影响成形精度最主要的因素,由弯曲过程中的径向压力引起.试验表明,型材靠模弯曲即发生截面畸变,主要表现为上腹板的塌陷,沿型材长度方向截面畸变量不同,最大畸变量并不位于型材中间对称截面处;增大预拉和补拉,截面畸变增大.弯曲卸载回弹是影响零件贴模度的主要因素,其大小受多种因素影响,规律复杂.增大预拉和补拉,回弹减小;当预拉和补拉增大到一定值时,增大拉伸量减小回弹的效果不再明显.     

Effects of traverse speed on weld formation,microstructure and mechanical properties of ZK60 Mg alloy joint by bobbin tool friction stir welding

ZK60B (Mg-6% Zn-0.6% Zr) alloy joints fabricated by bobbin tool friction stir welding (BTFSW) with various traverse speeds were investigated. The sound joint fabricated by the BTFSW was possible under the appropriate welding parameters. The severe plastic deformation during BTFSW resulted in dispersion and segregation of the Zr-rich particles within the stirred zone (SZ) followed by evolution of a bimodal grain structure with distributed bands of 0.8–1.7 μm ultrafine grains and 4.1–7.1 μm equiaxed grains. Micro-hardness of SZ is substantially reduced in contrast to that of parent metal (PM) in spite of the finer grain size owing to dissolution of Mg-Zn based precipitates having hardening effects on alpha-Mg matrix. With the decrease in traverse speed, randomization degree of the plasticized metal flow increases, which is evidenced by the randomized arc line pattern at the low traverse speed. Among all defect-free joints, the 200 mm/min joint exhibits the weakest isotropy of texture within SZ and the best tensile properties, which has reduced ultimate tensile strength and yield strength by 5.4% and by 22.2%, respectively, as compared to the PM. The randomized texture hinders the joint fracturing within SZ at low elongation. Therefore, a relatively high elongation of 10.8% was achieved, which corresponded to 72% of the PM value.     

预变形对铝锂合金强度和韧性的影响

研究了时效前预变形对铝锂合金强度和韧性的影响,分析了时效前的预变形使冲压体件强度和塑性提高的原因。结果表明：铝锂合金2090与时效处理相匹配的最佳预变形量为5%～10%;而对于Mg/Cu=0.4的8090,其预变形量以6%～8%为佳;对于Mg/Cu=0.8的8090,其预变形量以2%～6%为佳。     

1.0 wt% Li对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金析出相的影响(英文)

Microstructure control always plays a key role in enhancing properties of high-strength Al alloys. Attempts to improve the microstructure of 7000 series alloys by addition of 1.0 wt% Li have been made for a long time, but unsystematically. This article compares the microstructural features of 1.0 wt% Li-containing A1-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy with those of Li-free Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy by using differential scanning calorimetric （DSC） techniques, Vickers microhardness and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The results show the dominance of Guinier Preston （GP） zones, η＇ or η phases in 1.0 wt% Li-containing Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy, and confirm the capability of Li to retard the rate of precipitates growth and coarsening.