舱外航天通风系统传热分析

简单介绍了舱外航天通风系统的结构、功能,分析了通风气体、液冷通风系统及环境间的换热过程,给出了通风系统传热数学模型。通过舱外航天液冷通风系统与人体的联合热生理实验对该模型进行了验证。为舱外航天服通风系统的设计提供了依据。     

太阳周期活动对低高度内辐射带高能质子的影响

利用NOAA-15卫星1998年到2011年近13年的高能质子全向通量观测资料, 分析了一个太阳活动周内, 低高度内辐射带高能质子通量的分布变化特性及其物理原因, 比较了观测结果与AP8模型的不同. 研究表明, 低高度内辐射带高能质子通量与太阳活动水平的反相关关系与磁壳参数L值及磁场B值有关; L值越低, B值越大的空间点, 其高能质子通量与太阳活动水平的反向相关性越明显. 高能质子通量随太阳活动水平的变化存在明显滞后现象, L值越高、 B值越小的空间点, 滞后现象就越明显, 滞后严重时可以达到一年左右的时间; 这种滞后现象反映出低高度内辐射带高能质子的源与损失达到平衡是一个中长期过程. 通过与AP8模型计算结果的比较分析可以看出, 利用AP8模型时, 仅考虑地磁场长期变化对质子通量的影响可能会夸大低高度内辐射带局部高能质子通量的增强.      

Variations of Thermosphere Density Based on Joint Analysis of In-Situ Measurement Data From Shenzhou Spacecrafts

Based on the measurements made by Atmospheric Density Detectors (ADDs) onboard Chinese spacecraft Shenzhou 2-4, the variations of thermosphere density are revealed. During the quiet period, the density at spacecraft altitude of 330～410km exhibited a dominant diurnal variation, with high value on dayside and low value on nightside. The ratio of the diurnal maximum density to the minimum ranged from 1.7 to 2.0. The ratio shows a positive correlation with the level of solar activity and a negative correlation with the level of geomagnetic activity. When a geomagnetic disturbance comes, the atmospheric density at the altitude of 330～410km displayed a global enhancement. For a strong geomagnetic disturbance, the atmospheric density increased by about 56%, and reached its maximum about 6～7 hours after the geomagnetic disturbance peak. The density asymmetry was also observed both in the southern and northern hemisphere during the geomagnetic disturbance peak.      

Observational study of magnetic chirality of solar active regions

We present the evolution of magnetic field and relationship with the magnetic (current) helicity in solar active regions from a series of photospheric vector magnetograms obtained at Huairou Solar Observing Station near Beijing, and also longitudinal magnetograms by MDI of SOHO, white light and 171 Å images by TRACE and soft X-ray images by Yohkoh.The conclusions in the analysis of the formation process of complex and delta magnetic configuration in some super active regions are the following: (1) The magnetic shear and gradient provide the non-potentiality of the magnetic field of active regions reflecting the existence of electric current. (2) Some of large-scale delta active regions could be due to the emergence of highly sheared non-potential magnetic flux bundles from the subatmosphere with amount of magnetic helicity, in addition to the emergence of twisted magnetic ropes. (3) We also present some results on the study of the magnetic (current) helicity in solar active regions.     

Occurrence of sporadic-E layer over the ionospheric station of Rome: Analysis of data for thirty-two years

Hourly systematic measurements of the highest frequency reflected by the sporadic-E layer (foEs) recorded at the Rome ionospheric observatory (Italy, 41.8° N, 12.5° E), were considered during the period January 1976–December 2007, to calculate the percentage of occurrence of sporadic-E layer with frequencies foEs greater than a given threshold value f_T, P(foEs > f_T).     

"神舟七号"飞船热控分系统设计和在轨性能评估

针对出舱活动飞船热控设计难点,简要介绍了其热控方案,并对热控分系统在轨飞行数据进行了深入分析,综合评估其在轨工作性能.飞行试验表明,飞船在待发及上升段、自主运行段、出舱活动段、返回再入段,热控分系统均具有良好的温度调控能力和适应能力,整船仪器设备温度及密封舱空气温湿度均满足指标要求.     

Observations of Irradiance Variations

Since November 1978 a complete set of total solar irradiance (TSI) measurements from space is available, yielding a time series of 21 years. From measurements made by different space radiometers (HF on NIMBUS-7, ACRIM I on SMM, ACRIM II on UARS and VIRGO on SOHO) a composite record of TSI can be compiled. The corrections which are needed for each radiometer, mainly to compensate for degradation, but also for operational influences are described. ACRIM I (1980–1989) and ACRIM II (1992–1995) are taken as reference because their degradation was monitored by inflight comparisons with spare radiometers; since 1996 VIRGO is used as reference. The scale of ACRIM II is adjusted to ACRIM I by comparison with NIMBUS-7 and ERBE. The reliability of this adjustment depends strongly on the stability of the HF and ERBE radiometer during the period of the gap between the ACRIMs which is discussed in detail together with an assessment of the overall precision of the composite.     

First-order feasibility analysis of a space suit radiator concept based on estimation of water mass sublimation using Apollo mission data

Thermal control of a space suit during extravehicular activity (EVA) is typically accomplished by sublimating water to provide system cooling. Spacecraft, on the other hand, primarily rely on radiators to dissipate heat. Integrating a radiator into a space suit has been proposed as an alternative design that does not require mass consumption for heat transfer. While providing cooling without water loss offers potential benefits for EVA application, it is not currently practical to rely on a directional, fixed-emissivity radiator to maintain thermal equilibrium of a spacesuit where the radiator orientation, environmental temperature, and crew member metabolic heat load fluctuate unpredictably. One approach that might make this feasible, however, is the use of electrochromic devices that are capable of infrared emissivity modulation and can be actively controlled across the entire suit surface to regulate net heat flux for the system. Integrating these devices onto the irregular, compliant space suit material requires that they be fabricated on a flexible substrate, such as Kapton film. An initial assessment of whether or not this candidate technology presents a feasible design option was conducted by first characterizing the mass of water loss from sublimation that could theoretically be saved if an electrochromic suit radiator was employed for thermal control. This is particularly important for lunar surface exploration, where the expense of transporting water from Earth is excessive, but the technology is potentially beneficial for other space missions as well. In order to define a baseline for this analysis by comparison to actual data, historical documents from the Apollo missions were mined for comprehensive, detailed metabolic data from each lunar surface outing, and related data from NASA’s more recent “Advanced Lunar Walkback” tests were also analyzed. This metabolic database was then used to validate estimates for sublimator water consumption during surface EVAs, and solar elevation angles were added to predict the performance of an electrochromic space suit radiator under Apollo conditions. Then, using these actual data sets, the hypothetical water mass savings that would be expected had this technology been employed were calculated. The results indicate that electrochromic suit radiators would have reduced sublimator water consumption by 69.0% across the entire Apollo program, for a total mass savings of 68.5 kg to the lunar surface. Further analysis is needed to determine the net impact as a function of the complete system, taking into account both suit components and consumable mass, but the water mass reduction found in this study suggests a favorable system trade is likely.     

基于改进遗传算法的移动目标成像侦测任务规划问题研究

基于先验信息调用成像侦察卫星监控陆地或海洋移动目标动态信息是卫星成像侦察面临的新 课题。在已知移动目标位置等先验信息基础上,动态构造目标可变潜在区域及其运动预测模 型,利用STK辅助构造其候选成像观测活动集合;在此集合及目标运动预测模型基础上 对动态可变区域成像卫星调度问题进行建模,并设计了一种基于模拟退火算法及遗传算法的 改进遗传算法对问题进行求解,得到近最优的移动目标成像侦测方案。最后通过实例及算法 对比验证了规划模型及算法对解决该类问题的合理性和有效性。
     

“国际空间站”建造十年经验初探

就＂国际空间站＂边建造、边应用十年来所获得的经验与教训,从系统设备、居住环境、物资补给、作息制度、健康保障、人的作用、出舱活动及国际合作8个方面进行了简要的论述,对后来的空间站建设及未来的长期载人航天飞行具有重要的参考价值。