圆直管中离散孔超声速气膜冷却实验

以圆直管中的超声速高温燃气为主流,以常温氮气为气膜介质,用实验的方法研究了离散孔超声速气膜冷却规律,主流马赫数为2,射流马赫数分别为1,2,3.结果表明:射流流量是影响离散孔气膜冷却效果的最主要因素,提高吹风比或者增大孔径,都能显著提高气膜冷却效率;在实验工况下,冷却效率与吹风比和孔径的关系可以总结成实验关联式;射流喉部直径相同、流量相同情况下,射流马赫数对气膜冷却效果影响不大;在气膜孔附近,入射角为30°的射流比切向入射时的冷却效果差,在下流远离气膜孔位置,入射角为30°的射流冷却效果优于切向入射时.      

冷却剂参数对铣槽喷管低周疲劳寿命的影响

采用有限体积流固耦合计算方法、非线性有限元热结构耦合分析方法和局部应变法研究大面积比铣槽喷管三维再生冷却槽道在循环工作条件下的热结构变形与低周疲劳寿命,并对比分析了冷却剂质量流量与入口温度对铣槽喷管疲劳使用寿命的影响.计算结果表明,铣槽喷管热结构响应呈现复杂的三维效应,应变较大位置主要分布在与肋连接的内衬区域,喷管中部的残余应变量最大;冷却槽道低周疲劳寿命分布和热结构响应基本一致,最小寿命位于喷管中部与肋相连的内衬区域燃气侧;随冷却剂质量流量增加,铣槽喷管低周疲劳寿命不断提高;随冷却剂入口温度增加喷管尾部低周疲劳寿命值不断降低,而喷管中前部的低周疲劳寿命值却不断提高,当冷却剂入口温度为280K左右时,本文的铣槽喷管总体使用寿命达到最大.     

火箭发动机燃烧室液膜-再生复合冷却数值仿真

对液体火箭发动机燃烧室液膜-再生复合冷却进行了数值计算,针对液膜-燃气流场区多组分、轴对称Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程和再生冷却区单组分N-S方程进行求解,并使用k-ε方程求解湍流流动.对文献中的某液氧/煤油火箭发动机燃烧室进行了数值模拟,该模型的计算结果能够与文献中的计算结果较好地吻合.计算结果表明:①液膜-再生复合冷却能有效地减少壁面热流密度和降低壁面温度,且其形成的冷气边区覆盖了整个燃烧室及喷管壁面;②再生冷却液入口质量流量越大,复合冷却作用越明显,壁面温度越低;③随再生冷却液质量流量的不同其温升在450~600K之间,且质量流量越大,再生冷却液的温升越小.④壁面煤油的质量分数不断下降,在喷管出口壁面处达到最低值,但含有煤油的区域不断变大.      

A New Hybrid Control Scheme for an Integrated Helicopter and Engine System

A new hybrid control scheme is presented with a robust multiple model fusion control(RMMFC) law for a UH-60 helicopter and an active disturbance rejection control(ADRC) controller for its engines.This scheme is a control design method with every subsystem designed separately but fully considering the couplings between them.With three subspaces with respect to forward flight velocity,a RMMFC is proposed to devise a four-loop reference signal tracing control for the helicopter,which escapes the closed-loop system from unstable state due to the extreme complexity of this integrated nonlinear system.The engines are controlled by the proposed ADRC decoupling controller,which fully takes advantage of a good compensation ability for unmodeled dynamics and extra disturbances,so as to compensate torque disturbance in power turbine speed loop.By simulating a forward acceleration flight task,the RMMFC for the helicopter is validated.It is apparent that the integrated helicopter and engine system(IHES) has much better dynamic performance under the new control scheme.Especially in the switching process,the large transient is significantly weakened,and smooth transition among candidate controllers is achieved.Over the entire simulation task,the droop of power turbine speed with the proposed ADRC controller is significantly slighter than with the conventional PID controller,and the response time of the former is much faster than the latter.By simulating a rapid climb and descent flight task,the results also show the feasibility for the application of the proposed multiple model fusion control.Although there is aggressive power demand in this maneuver,the droop of power turbine speed with an ADRC controller is smaller than using a PID controller.The control performance for helicopter and engine is enhanced by adopting this hybrid control scheme,and simulation results in other envelope state give proofs of robustness for this new scheme.     

凹槽孔槽深和动量比对气膜冷却特性的影响

采用瞬态液晶全表面测量技术测量了凹槽孔的气膜冷却特性,研究了动量比和槽深对冷却效率的影响,并和圆柱形孔的测量结果实施了比较.结果表明:冷气在凹槽内横向传播,凹槽抑制了冷气射流分离,凹槽孔比圆柱形孔提供更多的二维气膜.槽深孔径比为0.75是最佳的.随着动量比的增加,冷却效率值逐渐趋于稳定,冷却效率仅有轻微增加.      

主动变形扑翼飞行器的设计和风洞测力试验研究

主动变形扑翼可以模仿鸟翼飞行时的复杂运动。为了了解主动变形扑翼飞行器的气动特性,在研究鸟类骨骼结构和翅膀及尾翼运动规律的基础上,设计并制造了一种基于机器人技术的主动变形扑翼飞行器;给出了主动变形扑翼飞行器的机构运动规律函数,并设计出机构运动控制系统;在低速风洞中对此飞行器进行了一系列测力试验,研究了主动变形扑翼的升力、推力特性,以及风速、扑动频率、扑动幅度、伸展相位等参数对升力和推力的影响,并与常规扑翼进行了对比分析。试验结果表明,较之常规扑翼,主动变形扑翼可以显著增加升力和增强对不同飞行状态的适应能力。     

结构振动主动控制系统的非概率可靠性分析

为了解决结构主动振动控制系统的可靠性问题,考虑结构参数的不确定性,研究了结构振动主动控制系统可靠性分析的非概率方法.对不确定变量用区间数或区间向量进行描述,基于区间数学,提出了含区间不确定参数的闭环控制系统响应的计算方法,在此基础之上结合非概率可靠性分析方法,建立了适用于振动控制系统的非概率可靠性分析方法.该方法无需不确定量的概率信息,只需明确参数所在区间范围即可,对开环系统和闭环控制系统的可靠性分析与基于可靠性的控制器设计具有一定的理论意义.通过数值算例,将非概率可靠性分析方法与蒙特卡洛方法进行了比较,结果表明了本文所提方法的有效性和对复杂结构振动主动控制系统的适用性.      

电动汽车动力电池生热模型和散热特性

结合Bernardi生热速率模型建立了单体电池正极片集流体、负极片集流体和电池极板的热耦合模型以及成组电池传热模型;利用Fluent软件仿真分析了自然通风环境中LiFePO₄单体电池的生热特性,模拟了强制空气对流冷却条件下成组电池的生热和散热特性,分析了电池箱出风口位置对电池温度的影响;计算了不同放电倍率下电池组温度变化.计算结果表明:动力电池恒流放电末期,正、负极片的电流密度最大值出现在极耳处,正、负极耳温度高于极板温度,且正极耳温度大于负极耳温度;强制冷却条件下成组电池热特性满足安全工作温度要求;电池箱出风口位置直接影响冷却空气速度场和电池组温度场分布,出风口设置在电池箱下部有助于改善其热状态一致性.对特征点温度监控数据与仿真结果的误差小于5%,能够满足工程需要.      

旋转状态下涡轮叶片压力面气膜冷却特性

通过1.5级涡轮叶片旋转气膜冷却实验,揭示了整级涡轮叶片在旋转状态下的气膜冷却规律.实验中,主流雷诺数为8×104,旋转数分别为2.092,2.324和2.448,吹风比从0.3到3.0变化,冷却工质分别采用空气和二氧化碳,对应射流主流密度比分别为1.03和1.57.叶片表面喷有宽幅液晶,通过高精度CCD相机得到表面温度场.结果表明:压力面上,气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增大而升高,随旋转数的增大而降低;气膜轨迹向高半径方向偏转,偏转程度随旋转数的增大而加剧;提高射流主流密度比,有利于提高冷却效率.     

Radio-faint BL Lac objects and their impact on the radio/gamma-ray connection

Radio and gamma-ray emissions in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) are both related to the presence of relativistic particles in jets. With the advent of the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT), and thanks to its large sensitivity up to several GeV, many observational results are changing our understanding of these phenomena. BL Lac objects, which made up only a fraction of the known extragalactic gamma-ray source population before Fermi, have now become the most abundant class. However, since they are relatively weak radio sources, most of them are poorly known as far as their parsec scale structure and multi-wavelength properties are concerned. For this reason, we have selected a complete sample of 42 low redshift BL Lacs (independently of their gamma-ray properties) to study with a multi-wavelength (radio, optical, X-ray, gamma-ray) approach. Here, we present results and images of sources in the sample (most of which have never been observed before), using new VLBA observations at 8 and 15 GHz. Beyond this sample of BL Lacs, the population of gamma-ray AGNs has also dramatically enlarged in the Fermi era, permitting us to discuss the presence of a correlation between radio and gamma-ray properties with improved statistical significance. We explore the radio-gamma relation with several hundreds sources and using both simultaneous and archival radio data, thus tackling the impact of time variability.