Spacecraft formation flying for Earth-crossing object deflections using a power limited laser ablating

A formation flying strategy with an Earth-crossing object (ECO) is proposed to avoid the Earth collision. Assuming that a future conceptual spacecraft equipped with a powerful laser ablation tool already rendezvoused with a fictitious Earth collision object, the optimal required laser operating duration and direction histories are accurately derived to miss the Earth. Based on these results, the concept of formation flying between the object and the spacecraft is applied and analyzed as to establish the spacecraft’s orbital motion design strategy. A fictitious “Apophis”-like object is established to impact with the Earth and two major deflection scenarios are designed and analyzed. These scenarios include the cases for the both short and long laser operating duration to avoid the Earth impact. Also, requirement of onboard laser tool’s for both cases are discussed. As a result, the optimal initial conditions for the spacecraft to maintain its relative trajectory to the object are discovered. Additionally, the discovered optimal initial conditions also satisfied the optimal required laser operating conditions with no additional spacecraft’s own fuel expenditure to achieve the spacecraft formation flying with the ECO. The initial conditions founded in the current research can be used as a spacecraft’s initial rendezvous points with the ECO when designing the future deflection missions with laser ablation tools. The results with proposed strategy are expected to make more advances in the fields of the conceptual studies, especially for the future deflection missions using powerful laser ablation tools.     

航天飞行器防热涂层烧蚀行为及机理研究

为拓宽航天飞行器防热涂层裂解温域,提高涂层的耐烧蚀性能,文章通过热重–差示扫描量热分析仪（TG-DTG）分析了2种硅橡胶基体的热分解行为,并结合马弗炉烧蚀实验研究铁红、云母、白炭黑等3种功能组元对硅橡胶涂层静态烧蚀性能的影响,通过扫描电镜（SEM）以及红外光谱分析仪（FT-IR）分析烧蚀机理,最后通过马弗炉烧蚀实验及高温燃气流烧蚀实验对2种涂层的烧蚀性能进行考核。结果表明：甲基苯基硅橡胶在220～320 ℃温域的裂解主要以侧基交联为主;在320～480 ℃以由羟基引发的主链“回咬”机制为主;在480～630 ℃则通过链间折叠发生环降解反应。主链“回咬”和链间环降解反应均会导致树脂基体交联密度降低,力学性能下降,产生“粉化”。甲基乙烯基硅橡胶在其裂解温域370～780 ℃主要发生侧基交联反应,树脂基体交联密度上升,热稳定性提高。白炭黑对于2种硅橡胶基体的热稳定性提升最为显著;铁红、云母等均会在高温下与硅橡胶基体产生共融,减缓硅橡胶基体的高温裂解。     

碳/碳材料体积烧蚀实验研究

通过实验手段研究了体积烧蚀在材料内部造成的微结构演变情况。给出了材料微结构沿烧蚀轴线方向的分布规律。研究了体积烧蚀对碳／碳材料烧蚀性能的影响。结果表明：服役条件下碳／碳材料发生体积烧蚀会使材料内部的密度、石墨化程度等发生变化，这些微结构变化对材料整体烧蚀性能的影响存在复杂的耦合效应。体积烧蚀对碳／碳材料整体烧蚀性能的影响并不总是消极的，在一定条件下反而有利于材料烧蚀性能的提高。通过本文的研究能够有效的提高碳／碳材料的烧蚀性能理论预测的精度。     

TiC和ZrC颗粒增强钨基复合材料的烧蚀研究

用氧乙炔焰喷吹法对 Ti C和 Zr C增强钨基复合材料 ( Ti Cp/W和 Zr Cp/W两系列 )烧蚀性能进行了研究。结果表明 ,复合材料的质量烧蚀率和线烧蚀率由高到低的排列顺序为 :W>30 Ti Cp/W>4 0 Ti Cp/W>30 Zr Cp/W>4 0 Zr Cp/W( 30 Ti Cp/W表示含 Ti Cp 的体积分数为 30 % ,下同 )。对复合材料在烧蚀初期剧烈的升温过程进行了在线监测。 30 Ti Cp/W和 4 0 Ti Cp/W在烧蚀初期剧烈的升温过程中未能经受住约 2 0 0 0℃ /s升温热震而开裂 ,而 30 Zr Cp/W和 4 0 Zr Cp 能经受约 2 0 0 0℃ /s升温热震。在钨中加入 Ti C和 Zr C颗粒能明显提高钨的抗烧蚀性能 ,而且 Zr C颗粒比 Ti C颗粒更能提高 W的抗烧蚀性能。碳化物含量越高 ,材料的抗烧蚀性能越好。复合材料烧蚀机理是 W、Ti C和 Zr C的氧化烧蚀     

Gr/Al防热材料的传热特性

通过对Gr/Al防热材料进行氧乙炔烧蚀实验,测定其在烧蚀过程中的升温特性曲线。发现在烧蚀过程中Gr/Al中Al的熔化和蒸发有效地减缓了材料的升温速率,起到很好的热防护作用,并根据Gr/Al的传热特性,建立了传热模型,理论计算与实验结果吻合较好。     

Design of a formation of solar pumped lasers for asteroid deflection

This paper presents the design of a multi-spacecraft system for the deflection of asteroids. Each spacecraft is equipped with a fibre laser and a solar concentrator. The laser induces the sublimation of a portion of the surface of the asteroid, and the resultant jet of gas and debris thrusts the asteroid off its natural course. The main idea is to have a formation of spacecraft flying in the proximity of the asteroid with all the spacecraft beaming to the same location to achieve the required deflection thrust. The paper presents the design of the formation orbits and the multi-objective optimisation of the formation in order to minimise the total mass in space and maximise the deflection of the asteroid. The paper demonstrates how significant deflections can be obtained with relatively small sized, easy-to-control spacecraft.     

激光功率密度对纳秒激光烧蚀冲量耦合影响的数值模拟

为研究激光功率密度对纳秒激光烧蚀冲量耦合影响,建立了一个复杂的一维热传导和流体动力学模型。以空间碎片常见材料Al为例,用建立的物理模型数值计算了纳秒脉宽激光烧蚀产生的冲量随时间变化情况,数值结果和已有的实验数据符合较好。数值计算表明:辐照的激光功率密度越高,发生等离子体屏蔽时间越早,等离子体屏蔽越明显,能量利用率越低;随着激光功率密度的逐渐增大,获得的冲量逐渐趋于稳定,冲量耦合系数降低,数值计算结果与Phipps的最优能量耦合规律一致。      

事故率预测灰色系统GM（1,2）模型应用探讨

本文采用ＧＭ（１,２）模型,对企业生产系统事故率进行了预测并加以分析讨论。     

EPDM绝热材料耦合烧蚀模型

以EPDM类绝热材料烧蚀特性为研究对象,借鉴多孔介质领域的相关理论和方法,以炭化层的孔隙结构特征和参数为纽带,建立了考虑热化学烧蚀、颗粒侵蚀和气流剥蚀的EPDM类绝热材料耦合烧蚀模型,并进行了模型的初步实验验证。结果表明,所建立的模型不仅在EPDM类绝热材料烧蚀率预示方面具有较高的计算精度,而且在细管上能够基本反映绝热材料的烧蚀特性。     

火箭发动机尾焰流场注水降温效果初探

为了对超声速高温燃气射流的注水降温机理进行探索,对该类流场进行了数值模拟和实验研究。气-液两相流场采用Mixture多相流模型进行计算,液态水的汽化过程通过耦合水的汽化方程来模拟。实验现象采用高速摄影和红外热像仪进行拍摄,并且在冲击平板上布置了热电偶温度测点。通过对仿真计算得到的温度云图与实验结果进行比较发现,无论是流场形态还是温度场分布,两者都十分吻合,证明了计算模型的适用性。结果表明:液态水和燃气的掺混汽化吸热效果显著,高温区域由于注水影响缩小到一个类锥形区域;迎气面温度大大降低,热冲击烧蚀效应得到有效缓解,尤其是中心部位降温效果最为明显,注水后温度仅为原温度值的60%左右。