The interstellar heliopause probe (IHP) is one of ESA’s technology reference studies (TRS). The TRS aim to focus the development of strategically important technologies of relevance to future science missions by studying technologically demanding and scientifically interesting missions that are currently not part of the science mission programme.
Equipped with a highly integrated payload suite (HIPS), the IHP will perform in situ exploration of the heliopause and the heliospheric interface. The HIPS, which is a standard element in all TRSs, miniaturize payloads through resource reduction by using miniaturized components and sensors, and by sharing common structures and payload functionality.
To achieve the scientific requirements of the mission, the spacecraft is to leave the heliosphere as close to the heliosphere nose as possible and reach a distance of 200 AU from the Sun within 25 years. This is possible by using a trajectory with two solar flybys and a solar sail with characteristic acceleration of 1.1 mm/s2, which corresponds to a 245 × 245 m2 solar sail and a sail thickness of 1–2 μm. The trajectory facilitates a modest sail design that could potentially be developed in a reasonable timeframe.
In this paper, an update to the results of studies being performed on this mission will be given and the current mission baseline and spacecraft design will be described. Furthermore, alternative solar sail systems and enabling technologies will be discussed. 相似文献
In this paper we review the current predictions of numerical simulations for the origin and observability of the warm hot
intergalactic medium (WHIM), the diffuse gas that contains up to 50 per cent of the baryons at z∼0. During structure formation, gravitational accretion shocks emerging from collapsing regions gradually heat the intergalactic
medium (IGM) to temperatures in the range T∼105–107 K. The WHIM is predicted to radiate most of its energy in the ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray bands and to contribute a significant
fraction of the soft X-ray background emission. While O vi and C iv absorption systems arising in the cooler fraction of the WHIM with T∼105–105.5 K are seen in FUSE and Hubble Space Telescope observations, models agree that current X-ray telescopes such as Chandra and XMM-Newton do not have enough sensitivity to detect the hotter WHIM. However, future missions such as Constellation-X and XEUS might be able to detect both emission lines and absorption systems from highly ionised atoms such as O vii, O viii and Fe xvii. 相似文献
We discuss the different physical processes that are important to understand the thermal X-ray emission and absorption spectra
of the diffuse gas in clusters of galaxies and the warm-hot intergalactic medium. The ionisation balance, line and continuum
emission and absorption properties are reviewed and several practical examples are given that illustrate the most important
diagnostic features in the X-ray spectra. 相似文献
Complex organic molecules are widely observed in star-forming regions, although their formation mechanisms are not well understood. Solid-state chemistry is thought to play an important role, but the solid-state reaction network is poorly known. We provide a list of purely thermal reactions involving electronically stable reactants to complement existing grain chemistry networks. The kinetic parameters of the reactions are given when available. These reactions lead to the formation of complex organic molecules, which were not considered previously. Eventually, these complex molecules are either released into the gas phase or incorporated into the organic residue found in meteorites. Thermal reactions are important because they are not limited by the UV flux or the slow diffusion of the radicals, and because they involve both surface and mantle molecules. Thermal reactions represent an important step in the formation of complex organic molecules that constitute the primitive material of comets and asteroids. 相似文献
We present the results of analysis XMM-Newton data of galaxy cluster CL0016+16, which enables us to trace X-ray emission and temperature profile up to the virial radius. We obtained similar results using three different backgrounds. We checked the possibility of detection of cluster emission up to the virial radius with XMM-Newton data with hydrodynamical cosmology simulation from the Adaptive Mesh Refinement technique, code RAMSES by Teyssier [Teyssier, R. Cosmological hydrodynamics with adaptive mesh refinement. A new high resolution code called RAMSES. A&A 385, 337, 2002], convolution with XMM-Newton and the data base of the spectra by Sauvageot et al. [Sauvageot, J.-L., Belsole, E., Pratt, G.W. The late merging phase of a galaxy cluster: XMM EPIC observations of A 3266. A&A, 444, 673, 2005]. For the first time we were able to compute the mass of CL0016 up to R200, we found, assuming hydrostatic equilibrium framework, M200 = (1.15 ± 0.11) × 1015M⊙. 相似文献