空间发动机系统关机过程水击现象理论分析

对空间发动机系统关机过程进行了数值仿真分析,讨论了关机过程中系统管路内的水击现象,以及多推力室发动机系统工作状态、阀门响应特性等因素对水击现象的影响。     

Detection of regolith buried water stream channels on Mars with the help of synthetic aperture radar

A major theme in the study of Mars is the search for evidence that water was present in the past or is present today, either at or below the surface. Biological life is connected to water. Hence much research is focused on the detection of water stream channels, which in the past flowed on Mars. In these areas, the petrified remains of the former life on Mars may be found. These channels may be under the regolith layer; however, the radio wave penetrating ability allows for the detection of these channels under the regolith.     

The water cycle in closed ecological systems: Perspectives from the Biosphere 2 and Laboratory Biosphere systems

To achieve sustainable, healthy closed ecological systems requires solutions to challenges of closing the water cycle – recycling wastewater/irrigation water/soil medium leachate and evaporated water and supplying water of required quality as needed for different needs within the facility. Engineering Biosphere 2, the first multi-biome closed ecological system within a total airtight footprint of 12,700 m² with a combined volume of 200,000 m³ with a total water capacity of some 6 × 10⁶ L of water was especially challenging because it included human inhabitants, their agricultural and technical systems, as well as five analogue ecosystems ranging from rainforest to desert, freshwater ecologies to saltwater systems like mangrove and mini-ocean coral reef ecosystems. By contrast, the Laboratory Biosphere – a small (40 m³ volume) soil-based plant growth facility with a footprint of 15 m² – is a very simplified system, but with similar challenges re salinity management and provision of water quality suitable for plant growth. In Biosphere 2, water needs included supplying potable water for people and domestic animals, irrigation water for a wide variety of food crops, and recycling and recovering soil nutrients from wastewater. In the wilderness biomes, providing adequately low salinity freshwater terrestrial ecosystems and maintaining appropriate salinity and pH in aquatic/marine ecosystems were challenges. The largest reservoirs in Biosphere 2 were the ocean/marsh with some 4 × 10⁶ L, soil with 1 to 2 × 10⁶ l, primary storage tank with 0 to 8 × 10⁵ L and storage tanks for condensate and soil leachate collection and mixing tanks with a capacity of 1.6 × 10⁵ L to supply irrigation for farm and wilderness ecosystems. Other reservoirs were far smaller – humidity in the atmosphere (2 × 10³ L), streams in the rainforest and savannah, and seasonal pools in the desert were orders of magnitude smaller (8 × 10⁴ L). Key technologies included condensation from humidity in the air handlers and from the glass space frame to produce high quality freshwater, wastewater treatment with constructed wetlands and desalination through reverse osmosis and flash evaporation were key to recycling water with appropriate quality throughout the Biosphere 2 facility. Wastewater from all human uses and the domestic animals in Biosphere 2 was treated and recycled through a series of constructed wetlands, which had hydraulic loading of 0.9–1.1 m³ day⁻¹ (240–290 gal d⁻¹). Plant production in the wetland treatment system produced 1210 kg dry weight of emergent and floating aquatic plant wetland which was used as fodder for the domestic animals while remaining nutrients/water was reused as part of the agricultural irrigation supply. There were pools of water with recycling times of days to weeks and others with far longer cycling times within Biosphere 2. By contrast, the Laboratory Biosphere with a total water reservoir of less than 500 L has far quicker cycling rapidity: for example, atmospheric residence time for water vapor was 5–20 min in the Laboratory Biosphere vs. 1–4 h in Biosphere 2, as compared with 9 days in the Earth’s biosphere. Just as in Biosphere 2, humidity in the Laboratory Biosphere amounts to a very small reservoir of water. The amount of water passing through the air in the course of a 12-h operational day is two orders of magnitude greater than the amount stored in the air. Thus, evaporation and condensation collection are vital parts of the recycle system just as in Biosphere 2. The water cycle and sustainable water recycling in closed ecological systems presents problems requiring further research – such as how to control buildup of salinity in materially closed ecosystems and effective ways to retain nutrients in optimal quantity and useable form for plant growth. These issues are common to all closed ecological systems of whatever size, including planet Earth’s biosphere and are relevant to a global environment facing increasing water shortages while maintaining water quality for human and ecosystem health. Modular biospheres offer a test bed where technical methods of resolving these problems can be tested for feasibility.     

电弧喷涂参数优化及涂层磨损性能试验研究

采用正交设计方法和通过极差分析研究了电弧喷涂工艺参数对CFB锅炉水冷壁涂层耐磨性的影响。结果表明,影响涂层性能的工艺参数主要是电弧电流,其次是喷涂距离,而电弧电压和雾化空气压力的影响很小。通过涂层冲蚀磨损性能试验,进一步验证了用此最佳喷涂工艺参数组合可以获得良好耐磨性能的涂层。     

燃气喷射方式对冲压发动机补燃室掺混效果的影响

在空气进气参数不变情况下,分析了喷口布局、喷口形状、头部型面对冷流掺混效果的影响。结果表明,燃气喷射方式不同,掺混在补燃室中的发展过程也不同,提高补燃室内整体掺混度的方法,不一定能提高头部的掺混度;可提高头部掺混度的燃气喷射方式有5孔交汇喷射、5孔偏心喷射以及头部采用椭球型面。     

硼粒子直径对点火位置及燃烧效率的影响研究

采用颗粒轨道模型对非壅塞固冲发动机补燃室内不同直径硼粒子的点火及燃烧进行了数值模拟。其中,气相反应简化为一种等效气体的燃烧,硼粒子与O2的燃烧反应模型采用涡耗散模型。硼粒子的点火过程采用King模型,燃烧过程采用化学动力学控制的燃烧模型。结果表明,直径较小的硼粒子能够在补燃室头部点火,且能随气流旋转,驻留时间较长,燃烧较为充分,直径较大的硼粒子与此相反。     

应用TTM网格研究冲压增程弹丸进气道内外流场

基于TTM贴体网格生成法,研究了某冲压增程弹丸超音速进气道内外流场数值模拟中单区域网格生成问题,流场求解采用了二阶隐式TVD格式。NACA0012翼型跨音速流场算例结果表明,所采用的算法和编制的程序可靠,能够适用于具有亚、跨、超音速三种流态共存的复杂流场数值计算。对超音速进气道数值模拟结果显示,得到的流场复杂波系结构是合理的,来流马赫数和攻角变化显著影响着进气道性能。     

富氧环境下绝热层烧蚀模型

采用模拟固体火箭冲压发动机补燃室富氧环境的试验系统,测试了几种绝热层材料不同氧含量环境下的烧蚀特性。烧蚀过程中燃气中的氧化性组分会渗入炭化层内部,在炭化层内的孔隙中与材料发生放热的化学反应,大量消耗碳,加剧了烧蚀的过程。通过试验结果分析,建立了以基体层、热解层、炭化层为基础的富氧烧蚀模型。应用该模型预估了试验所用绝热层材料的烧蚀率,计算值与试验值较为一致。     

整体式固冲发动机与导弹一体化优化设计

概述了发动机与导弹一体化优化设计问题，建立了整体式固部发动机与导弹一体化优化设计模型，并以某防空导弹为一算例，进行了优化前后两种方案对比，结果表明，经地定体化优化设计挖掘了整整体式固部贩设计潜力，导弹弹道性能明显提高。     

含硼推进剂燃烧性能的改善

综述了改善含硼推进剂燃烧性能的研究状况，包括硼粒子表面包覆，火箭冲压发动机设计的改进，添加新的组分，调整配方以及改进推进剂制造工艺等，这些措施都可以提高含硼推进剂的燃烧性能。