Cometary Deuterium

Deuterium fractionations in cometary ices provide important clues to the origin and evolution of comets. Mass spectrometers aboard spaceprobe Giotto revealed the first accurate D/H ratios in the water of Comet 1P/Halley. Ground-based observations of HDO in Comets C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) and C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp), the detection of DCN in Comet Hale-Bopp, and upper limits for several other D-bearing molecules complement our limited sample of D/H measurements. On the basis of this data set all Oort cloud comets seem to exhibit a similar ratio in H₂O, enriched by about a factor of two relative to terrestrial water and approximately one order of magnitude relative to the protosolar value. Oort cloud comets, and by inference also classical short-period comets derived from the Kuiper Belt cannot be the only source for the Earth's oceans. The cometary O/C ratio and dynamical reasons make it difficult to defend an early influx of icy planetesimals from the Jupiter zone to the early Earth. D/H measurements of OH groups in phyllosilicate rich meteorites suggest a mixture of cometary water and water adsorbed from the nebula by the rocky grains that formed the bulk of the Earth may be responsible for the terrestrial D/H. The D/H ratio in cometary HCN is 7 times higher than the value in cometary H₂O. Species-dependent D-fractionations occur at low temperatures and low gas densities via ion-molecule or grain-surface reactions and cannot be explained by a pure solar nebula chemistry. It is plausible that cometary volatiles preserved the interstellar D fractionation. The observed D abundances set a lower limit to the formation temperature of (30 ± 10) K. Similar numbers can be derived from the ortho-to-para ratio in cometary water, from the absence of neon in cometary ices and the presence of S₂. Noble gases on Earth and Mars, and the relative abundance of cometary hydrocarbons place the comet formation temperature near 50 K. So far all cometary D/H measurements refer to bulk compositions, and it is conceivable that significant departures from the mean value could occur at the grain-size level. Strong isotope effects as a result of coma chemistry can be excluded for molecules H₂O and HCN. A comparison of the cometary ratio with values found in the atmospheres of the outer planets is consistent with the long-held idea that the gas planets formed around icy cores with a high cometary D/H ratio and subsequently accumulated significant amounts of H₂ from the solar nebula with a low protosolar D/H. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

水工质微波加热推力器的击穿点火与离解损失估算

对水工质微波等离子推力器(MPT),用微波击穿气体放电产生等离子体的条件,数值估算了其点火的可行性;通过化学动力学计算证明了水工质MPT中离解损失的存在,并初步估算了理解损失的大小。结果表明,在1 kW的输入功率下水工质MPT的点火启动并不特别困难,从点火到稳定工作,能量吸收从场致电离、碰撞电离转变为热电离、碰撞电离和场致电离;水在MPT工作过程中会发生离解,离解损失在各类能量损失中所占的比重较大。     

Tomographic determination of the spatial distribution of water vapor using GPS observations

With the advent of the GPS navigation system, a promising ground based technique has been introduced which makes it possible to estimate the amount of water vapor in the troposphere from operational GPS networks at relatively low additional costs. While the estimation of the integrated amount is currently well established, the determination of the spatial water vapor distribution and its temporal variation are still a major challenge. To account for the vertical resolution, several tomographic approaches were pursued. We developed the software package AWATOS (atmospheric water vapor tomography software) which is based on the assimilation of double differenced GPS observations. Applying a least-squares inversion, the inhomogeneous spatial distribution of water vapor is determined. An extensive investigation has been carried out in Switzerland. GPS measurements are performed by the dense permanent Swiss national GPS network AGNES of the Swiss Federal Office of Topography (swisstopo). A total of 40 equally distributed water vapor profiles have been estimated on an hourly basis. For the purpose of validation, 22 radiosonde profiles were used at the GPS and meteorological station Payerne. Furthermore, data of the numerical weather model aLMo (alpine model in Switzerland, MeteoSwiss) were compared with the tomographic results. An overall good agreement of the three methods with an rms of better than 1.6 g/m³ absolute humidity was achieved. The results show that AGNES can be used as a dedicated network for the purpose of GPS-tomography, using a horizontal resolution of approximately 50 km and height layers of 300–500 m thickness in the lower troposphere.     

航行体高速入水问题研究综述

从理论研究、实验研究和数值仿真研究3个方面综述了航行体高速入水问题的研究进展。入水问题研究可分为入水冲击、空泡的形成演化以及入水弹道3个方向。在入水冲击研究方面,概述了入水冲击的理论计算方法、数值仿真方法以及入水冲击实验的研究进展;在入水空泡研究方面,概述了空泡的形成理论与形态演化模型、入水空泡实验以及数值仿真研究成果;在入水弹道研究方面,概述了入水弹道稳定性的实验、数值仿真研究情况。在此基础上,提出了后续入水研究发展重点方向。     

星载低真空逸气氰酸酯树脂的制备与性能

通过在氰酸酯树脂中添加不同低含量环氧树脂AG80和催化剂苄基二甲胺（BDMA）,分析了低含量环氧树脂改性氰酸酯树脂的微观结构、固化热效应、真空逸气特性、力学性能、吸水率和热失重。实验结果表明,在催化剂BDMA的作用下,当环氧树脂AG80的质量分数为5%和8%时,可以有效促进氰酸酯的固化程度,减少未固化小分子数量,进而改善氰酸酯材料的真空逸气性能。其中BADCy-1的真空逸气性能和耐湿性能达到最优,总质量损失（TML）和可凝挥发物（CVCM）分别为0.41%和0.03%,吸水率降低15%。BADCy-2的力学性能达到最优,拉伸强度和弯曲强度改善效果显著,分别提高23%和20%。同时随着环氧树脂含量的增加,材料的耐热性能有所下降。     

高温风洞收集口喷水降温数值仿真研究

针对高温风洞中扩压器前段壁面防热问题,提出对高温气流外缘喷水降温的方法。通过在收集器入口与喷管出口间安装喷水环,利用液态水汽化吸热对高温气流进行降温,使扩压器壁面形成低温保护层。为了解该方法降温效果,本文利用DPM、组分输运等模型的耦合建立了超声速两相流CFD模型,对向超声速热气流喷水进行降温的过程进行了数值计算,计算结果表明,扩压器启动后有显著的降温保护效果。同时,为探索风洞排气背压和喷水量对风洞流场和壁面降温效果的影响,通过计算得出了变排气背压、变喷水量与降温效果之间的关系,为高温风洞收集口喷水降温装置的优化设计提供了参考。     

不同密度比球体入水空泡流体动力特性研究

基于实验与数值计算相结合的方法,针对不同密度比的疏水性球体开展了垂直入水空泡形态及水下流体动力特性研究。建立了基于高速摄像法的小型航行体入水实验系统,并进行了入水空泡高速录像观察。基于VOF方法和动网格技术建立了考虑表面润湿性的回转体入水数值模拟方法。通过与实验结果对比,验证了数值方法的准确性和有效性。基于对实验与数值结果的分析,总结了疏水性球体的入水空泡及水冠发展随密度比与入水冲击速度的变化规律,对比了不同密度比球体在水下空泡夹断前后的流体动力系数。结果表明:随着入水冲击速度的增加,球体动能加大,入水空泡和水冠尺度增大,并从准静态闭合空泡逐渐发展为深闭合及面闭合空泡,临界速度随着密度比的增加而减小。此外,空泡夹断后会形成上下两股高速射流,射流的进一步运动加速了水面及球体附近空泡的溃灭。在流体动力特性方面,球体带空泡航行阶段的时均流体动力系数随密度比的增加而减小,而随入水冲击速度的变化较小,同时空泡夹断会造成流体动力较大波动。     

基于前缘凸结的推进泵叶片空化控制研究

为抑制推进泵空化不稳定引起的振动、噪声等危害,采用仿座头鲸鳍状肢前缘凸结的方法对推进泵叶片空化进行控制,通过水洞实验和数值模拟对前缘凸结的空化控制效果和机理进行了研究。结果表明,与原型泵相比,本文设计的仿生泵扬程得到了提升,且其效率损失小于2.5%;该仿生泵的前缘凸结会诱发涡结构,使叶片表面适度湍流化,造成空化区域的展向发展受到限制,空泡稳定性得到提高,但其也会导致波谷处存在低压区,造成仿生泵空化初生提前。总体来说,前缘凸结可以有效控制空化脱落和不稳定脉动,但凸结结构参数有待进一步优化以延缓由于波谷处局部压力较低而引发的空化初生提前。     

酚醛树脂杂化磷酸盐基复合材料的研究

用酚醛树脂对磷酸盐进行了杂化，并用杂化基体制备了玻璃纤维增强的复合材料。考察了酚醛树脂加入量对复合材料的力学性能、吸水性和介电性能的影响。结果表明，酚醛树脂加入后。磷酸盐复合材料的力学性能明显提高，弯曲强度从50MPa提高到100MPa以上；吸水性显著下降，吸湿率从5．5％降低到1．5％左右；同时复合材料的介电性能亦有改善。     

涡轮叶片先进气膜冷却与相关激光打孔技术进展

航空发动机涡轮叶片依赖于高温基体、热障陶瓷涂层和气膜冷却技术实现高的工作温度,进而实现高的燃油效率和推重比.介绍了气膜冷却技术的演化趋势,并通过猫耳异型孔与直圆孔的仿真对比,指出复杂异型气膜孔的重要性.进一步论述了单步加工异型孔的必要性和工艺方案,指出为解决单晶叶片异型孔加工难题,超短脉冲激光加工虽然成为研究热点,但水助激光加工更应该引起重视.