利用低轨道卫星间微波信号探测反演温湿廓线

通过同时测量微波信号的折射和吸收信息,低地球轨道卫星间（LEO-LEO）微波掩星探测技术能够独立反演温度和水汽廓线。通过仿真手段,首先,正演模拟了微波信号穿过大气层后由折射和吸收效应分别导致的相位延迟和振幅衰减,在此基础上,对温度、水汽和云中液态水反演廓线进行了个例分析,然后,统计分析了温度和水汽在不同纬度带的反演性能,以及云对反演精度的影响。结果表明：温度在约35 km以上存在明显正偏差,高纬度的最大,中纬度次之,低纬度最小。水汽反演误差在约4 km以下明显增大,低纬度的最大,中纬度次之,高纬度最小。有云存在时,需要去除云的吸收作用,否则温度和水汽会出现明显的正偏差。上述研究为进一步发展LEO-LEO掩星探测计划提供了理论参考依据。     

FY-2C星辐射定标及其结果分析

介绍了风云二号(FY-2)C星发射前后红外与水汽波段的地面真空辐射定标、星上黑体定标和地面辐射校正场定标,以及可见光波段的地面太阳定标、积分球定标、地面辐射校正场定标和太阳像的原理与方法.给出了C星不同波段不同定标法的结果.分析表明,C星采用的定标方法均有效,并互为补充和验证.为进一步提高定标精度,还可对环境温度模拟、二次曲线拟合、减小积分球定标误差和光谱响应等作相应的改进.     

Development of a micro-balance system for dust and water vapour detection in the Mars atmosphere

Quartz crystal piezoelectric sensors are suitable for deposition analyses that need very high sensitivity. Due to the wide working ranges and high performances, micro-balances can measure the mass settling in average Mars conditions during a period of months before saturation is reached. This ensures a proper use for short and long term water and dust deposition monitoring. Micro-balances have been studied, calibrated and used for the GIADA (grain impact analyser and dust accumulator) experiment for the ESA-Rosetta space mission. Experience on micro-balance performance study by dust deposition has been acquired and water vapour deposition studies are in progress in a Martian atmosphere simulation chamber. Preliminary results show that micro-balances are capable to detect up to partial pressure values corresponding to parts per billion of the typical Martian atmosphere.     

Water surface temperature estimation from Landsat 7 ETM+ thermal infrared data using the generalized single-channel method: Case study of Embalse del Río Tercero (Córdoba,Argentina)

Monitoring of warm distribution in water is fundamental to understand the performance and functioning of reservoirs and lakes. Surface water temperature is a key parameter in the physics of aquatic systems processes since it is closely related to the energy fluxes through the water–atmosphere interface. Remote sensing applied to water quality studies in inland waterbodies is a powerful tool that can provide additional information difficult to achieve by other means. The combination of good real-time coverage, spatial resolution and free availability of data makes Landsat system a proper alternative. Many papers have developed algorithms to retrieve surface temperature (principally, land surface temperature) from at-sensor and surface emissivity data. The aim of this study is to apply the single-channel generalized method (SCGM) developed by Jiménez-Muñoz and Sobrino (2003) for the estimation of water surface temperature from Landsat 7 ETM+ thermal bands. We consider a constant water emissivity value (0.9885) and we compare the results with radiative transfer classic method (RTM).     

生物膜法在微污染水源水预处理中的应用

微污染水源水的传统净水工艺对有机物的去除率较低，若采用生物膜法去除微污染水源水中的溶解态有机物，既比常规净水工艺效果好又经济有效，具有一定的优势和发展前景。     

On uncertainties in carbon flux modelling and remotely sensed data assimilation: The Brasschaat pixel case

Uncertainty on carbon fluxes is determined by the uncertainties of ecosystem model structure, data and model parameter uncertainties and the temporal and spatial inaccuracy of the input data retrieval. The objective of this paper is to understand the error propagation and uncertainty of evaporative fraction (EF), soil moisture content (SMC) and water limited net ecosystem productivity (NEP). In this respect, C-Fix and spaceborne remote sensing are used for the ‘Brasschaat’ pixel. A simple model based on error theory and a Monte-Carlo approach are used. Different error scenarios are implemented to assess input uncertainty on EF, SMC and NEP as estimated with C-Fix.     

冷却水系统的运行管理与清洗

对制冷、空调中的冷却水循环系统在实际运行中经常出现的故障进行了针对性分析，提出了运行管理应注意的技术问题。对冷却水系统的清洗提出了具体的方案，从洗涤剂的浓度、杀菌灭藻剂和缓蚀剂的用量到中和钝化药剂的用量都给出了具体的量，为冷却水系统的正常运行提供了有力的技术支持。     

Radiometric estimation of water vapor content over Brazil

A multi-channel microwave radiometre (make: Radiometrics Corporation) is installed at Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais–INPE, Brazil (22°S). The radiometric output of two channels of the radiometer in the form of brightness temperature at 23.834 GHz and 30 GHz, initially, were used to find out the ambient water vapor content and the non-precipitable cloud liquid water content. The necessary algorithm was developed for the purpose. The best results were obtained using the hinge frequency 23.834 GHz and 30 GHz pair having an r.m.s. error of only 2.64. The same methodology was then adopted exploiting 23.034 GHz and 30 GHz pair. In that case the r.m.s. error was 3.42. These results were then compared with those obtained over Kolkata (22°N), India, by using 22.234 GHz and 31.4 GHz radiometric data. This work conclusively suggests the use of a frequency should not be at the water vapor resonance line. Instead, while measuring the vapor content for separation of vapor and cloud liquid, one of them should be a few GHz left or right from the resonance line i.e., at 23.834 GHz and the other one should be around 30 GHz.     

Studies on urine treatment by biological purification using Azolla and UV photocatalytic oxidation

The amount of water consumed in space station operations is very large. In order to reduce the amount of water which must be resupplied from Earth, the space station needs to resolve the problems of water supply. For this reason, the recovery, regeneration and utilization of urine of astronauts are of key importance. Many investigations on this subject have been reported. Our research is based on biological absorption and, purification using UV photocatalytic oxidation techniques to achieve comprehensive treatment for urine. In the treatment apparatus we created, the urine solution is used as part of the nutrient solution for the biological components in our bioregenerative life support system. After being absorbed, the nutrients from the urine were then decomposed, metabolized and purified which creates a favorable condition for the follow-up oxidation treatment by UV photocatalytic oxidation. After these two processes, the treated urine solution reached Chinese national standards for drinking water quality (GB5749-1985).