返回舱垂直自由入水砰击过程的数值模拟

文章数值研究返回舱垂直自由入水砰击过程中水气流场与返回舱运动之间的动力学与运动学耦合问题。水气两相流的流动方程选为非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(URANS）方程和Realizable k-ε湍流模型,返回舱的运动方程选为刚体的一维平动方程,水气交界面的追踪采用流体体积函数（VOF）方法,返回舱与水面之间的相对运动采用动网格技术实现。在计算方法得到试验验证的基础上,数值研究了返回舱的不同触水速度、质量对入水过程中砰击力、加速度等参数的影响规律;给出了入水过程中加速度峰值与触水速度及质量之间的定量关系式;发现了返回舱底部的入水砰击压强峰值发生在入水初期,且压强峰值始终位于喷溅射流的根部。     

多孔板水升华器试验研究

探索了多孔板的制造方法,设计了水结器试验单元件和试验装置;对不同的多孔板升华器进行了试验研究,试验重点研究了热流体入口温度和流量、多孔板物理参数、给水室压力及升华器放置情况对升华器性能的影响。试验结果证明文章提出的升华器基本的设计概念是可行的,并给出了关于水升华器进一步设计的一些有益的结论。     

低温热水地板辐射采暖施工要点与能效分析

以中国矿业大学教师公寓小高层住宅项目为例,介绍了低温热水地面辐射采暖系统的特点及施工要点,并进行了能效分析,根据实际运行情况对该系统进行了分析和总结。达到了预期的设计目的,提高和改善了供暖使用功能,具有较高的推广价值。     

Development of a GNSS water vapour tomography system using algebraic reconstruction techniques

A GNSS water vapour tomography system developed to reconstruct spatially resolved humidity fields in the troposphere is described. The tomography system was designed to process the slant path delays of about 270 German GNSS stations in near real-time with a temporal resolution of 30 min, a horizontal resolution of 40 km and a vertical resolution of 500 m or better. After a short introduction to the GPS slant delay processing the framework of the GNSS tomography is described in detail. Different implementations of the iterative algebraic reconstruction techniques (ART) used to invert the linear inverse problem are discussed. It was found that the multiplicative techniques (MART) provide the best results with least processing time, i.e., a tomographic reconstruction of about 26,000 slant delays on a 8280 cell grid can be obtained in less than 10 min. Different iterative reconstruction techniques are compared with respect to their convergence behaviour and some numerical parameters. The inversion can be considerably stabilized by using additional non-GNSS observations and implementing various constraints. Different strategies for initialising the tomography and utilizing extra information are discussed. At last an example of a reconstructed field of the wet refractivity is presented and compared to the corresponding distribution of the integrated water vapour, an analysis of a numerical weather model (COSMO-DE) and some radiosonde profiles.     

Report of the COSPAR mars special regions colloquium

In this paper we present the findings of a COSPAR Mars Special Regions Colloquium held in Rome in 2007. We review and discuss the definition of Mars Special Regions, the physical parameters used to define Mars Special Regions, and physical features on Mars that can be interpreted as Mars Special Regions. We conclude that any region experiencing temperatures > −25 °C for a few hours a year and a water activity > 0.5 can potentially allow the replication of terrestrial microorganisms. Physical features on Mars that can be interpreted as meeting these conditions constitute a Mars Special Region. Based on current knowledge of the martian environment and the conservative nature of planetary protection, the following features constitute Mars Special regions: Gullies and bright streaks associated with them, pasted-on terrain, deep subsurface, dark streaks only on a case-by-case basis, others to be determined. The parameter definition and the associated list of physical features should be re-evaluated on a regular basis.     

GPS sensing of precipitable water vapour during the March 2010 Melbourne storm

The March 2010 Melbourne storm is used as a case study to examine the potential of using Global Positioning System (GPS) observations for studying the precipitable water vapour (PWV) field. The Victorian statewide GPS infrastructure network, i.e. GPSnet, was used in this study. GPSnet is currently the only statewide and densest GPS infrastructure network in Australia, which provides an excellent opportunity to examine the distribution of water vapour as the severe weather system passed over the state. Data from 15 GPSnet stations were processed over a one-week period, i.e. a few days prior to and after the storm passage, during which the course of the storm extended from the west to the southeast corner of the state. In addition, data from two radiosonde sites of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology Upper Air Network were used to compare and validate the GPS derived PWV measurements. The findings demonstrate that there is strong spatial and temporal correlation between variations of the ground-based GPS-PWV estimates and the passage of the storm over the state. This is encouraging as the ground-based GPS water vapour sensing technique can be considered as a supplemental meteorological sensor in studying severe weather events. The advantage of using ground-based GPS-PWV technique is that it is capable of providing continuous observation of the storm passage with high temporal resolution. The spatial resolution of the distribution of water vapour is dependent on the geographical location and density of the GPS stations.     

海流对出水空泡演化过程影响机理数值研究

采用数值仿真手段,重点针对海流对空泡演化过程的影响开展研究,形成考虑海流影响的空泡多相流理论与数值计算方法,分析了海流流向及流速影响,获得了海流对空泡发展演化的作用机制及对航行体流体动力特征的影响规律。研究结果表明:航向海流对溃灭阶段的空泡形态变化影响较为明显,不同海流工况下,泡内水、气分布有所不同,高压产生次序及溃灭过程的流动结构变化也因此不同。横向海流作用下的空泡形态差别不大,受到合成来流方向发生偏转的影响,迎流面向横向来流方向偏斜,造成空泡形状不对称。     

弱可压缩流体与可压缩流体模型的管路水击研究

为提升液体推进系统模型对可压缩流体的仿真能力,针对供应管路的瞬变流动,采用一维有限体积法,使用Modelica语言基于MWorks平台分别开发了适用于补燃循环发动机仿真模型库的弱可压缩流体与可压缩流体的管路模型,不同于控制方程中显含声速的弱可压缩流体模型,可压缩流体模型通过将守恒方程与真实流体的SRK型状态方程耦合求解来计算压力波的传播。在管路供应系统中,分别以液氢、液氧及液甲烷为工质进行关阀水击的仿真研究,结果表明:使用SRK状态方程避免了可压缩流体模型对内能拟合公式的依赖,减轻了建模难度;可压缩流体模型对液氧及液甲烷的仿真结果较为准确,最大误差不超过2%,对液氢的最大计算误差约9%;相对于可压缩流体模型,弱可压缩流体模型计算得到的水击压力在振幅及频率上均偏大;可压缩流体模型计算得到的流体密度波动不超过3%,因此工程实践中处理水击问题时将液体假设为弱可压具有一定的合理性。     

不同粒径组合对植物栽培基质容重及孔性和水吸力的影响

研究粒径对栽培基质容重、孔性和水吸力的影响,以便为空间植物培养提供栽培基质。采用4种基质,即Profile基质（P）、黑陶粒（B）、白陶粒（W）和蛭石（V）,各基质按照不同粒径（< 1 mm,1~2 mm,2~3 mm）组成设置了10种组合（体积百分比）,研究测试不同粒径组合基质的基本理化特性、容重、孔性和水吸力。P和B基质的容重约0.70 g·cm^–3。P基质含有较多矿质养分离子;增加小粒径基质颗粒占比,不同组合基质的容重、总孔隙度和持水孔隙度均显著增加,但通气孔隙度下降;在10种不同基质组合中,P7（40-60-0）、B8（10-70-20）和W4（10-60-30）分别具有最高的总孔隙度,P8（10-70-20）,B1（20-50-30）和W8（10-70-20）具有最高的气水比,P3（50-50-0）,B3（50-50-0）和W3（50-50-0）具有最高吸附水量;4种基质的平均总孔隙度和吸水量大小顺序为V>P>B>W。因此,P3（50-50-0）基质和B7（40-60-0）基质具有适中的容重、良好的孔性和较高的水吸力,适用于空间植物栽培。